1F.W. Hafferty is senior fellow, Center for Professionalism and the Future of Medicine, Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, Chicago, Illinois. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5604-7268.

2S.J. Hamstra is Professor and Vice-Chair for Clinical Teaching, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON; Senior Scientist, Holland Bone and Joint Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON; Research Consultant, Department of Milestones Research and Evaluation, Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, Chicago, IL; Adjunct Professor, Department of Medical Education, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0680-366X.

Correspondence should be addressed to Frederic W. Hafferty; email: [email protected].

Acknowledgments: SJH would like to acknowledge salary support from the Wyss Medical Foundation and helpful conversations with Dr. Natasha Khursigara Slattery, Associate Program Director, Mid-West Intern Network, University Hospital Limerick, Ireland. SJH and FWH would like to acknowledge the invaluable editorial wisdom of Albert Bradford, former director of staff editing, Academic Medicine.

Funding/Support: None reported.

Ethical Approval: Reported as not applicable.

Disclosures: None reported.