Paijens ST, Vledder A, de Bruyn M, Nijman HW. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in the immunotherapy era. Cell Mol Immunol, 18:842–59.

Pitzalis C, Jones GW, Bombardieri M, Jones SA. Ectopic lymphoid-like structures in infection, cancer and autoimmunity. Nat Rev Immunol, 14:447–62.

Posch F, Silina K, Leibl S, Mündlein A, Moch H, Siebenhüner A, Samaras P, Riedl J, Stotz M, Szkandera J et al. Maturation of tertiary lymphoid structures and recurrence of stage II and III colorectal cancer. Oncoimmunology, 7:e1378844.

Sun X, Liu W, Sun L, Mo H, Feng Y, Wu X, Li C, Chen C, Li J, Xin Y et al. Maturation and abundance of tertiary lymphoid structures are associate d with the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy in resectable no n-small cell lung cancer. J Immunother Cancer, 10:e005531.

Wang Q, Sun K, Liu R, Song Y, Lv Y, Bi P, Yang F, Li S, Zhao J, Li X et al. Single-cell transcriptome sequencing of B-cell heterogeneity and terti ary lymphoid structure predicts breast cancer prognosis and neoadjuvan t therapy efficacy. Clin Translational Med, 13:e1346.

Maibach F, Sadozai H, Seyed Jafari SM, Hunger RE, Schenk M. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and their prognostic value in cutaneous melanoma. Front Immunol, 11:2105.

Kennedy LB, Salama AKS. A review of cancer immunotherapy toxicity. Cancer J Clin, 70:86–104.

Thompson JA, Schneider BJ, Brahmer J, Andrews S, Armand P, Bhatia S, Budde LE, Costa L, Davies M, Dunnington D et al. Management of immunotherapy-related toxicities, Version 1.2019. J Natl Compr Cancer Network: JNCCN, 17:255–89.

Lauss M, Donia M, Svane IM, Jönsson G. B cells and tertiary lymphoid structures: friends or foes in Cancer Im munotherapy? Clin cancer Research: Official J Am Associa Tion Cancer Res, 28:1751–8.

Sato Y, Silina K, van den Broek M, Hirahara K, Yanagita M. The roles of tertiary lymphoid structures in chronic diseases. Nat Rev Nephrol, 19:525–37.

Vanhersecke L, Brunet M, Guégan J-P, Rey C, Bougouin A, Cousin S, Moulec SL, Besse B, Loriot Y, Larroquette M et al. Mature tertiary lymphoid structures predict immune checkpoint inhibito r efficacy in solid tumors independently of PD-L1 expression. Nat cancer, 2:794–802.

Fan D, Cao Y, Cao M, Wang Y, Cao Y, Gong T. Nanomedicine in cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Therapy, 8:293.

Li H, Lin W-P, Zhang Z-N, Sun Z-J. Tailoring biomaterials for monitoring and evoking tertiary lymphoid St ructures. Acta Biomater, 172:1–15.

Cottrell TR, Taube JM. PD-L1 and emerging biomarkers in Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy. Cancer J (Sudbury Mass), 24:41–6.

Chen P-L, Roh W, Reuben A, Cooper ZA, Spencer CN, Prieto PA, Miller JP, Bassett RL, Gopalakrishnan V, Wani K et al. Analysis of Immune signatures in Longitudinal Tumor samples yields ins ight into biomarkers of response and mechanisms of resistance to Immun E Checkpoint Blockade. Cancer Discov, 6:827–37.

Ding G-Y, Ma J-Q, Yun J-P, Chen X, Ling Y, Zhang S, Shi J-Y, Chang Y-Q, Ji Y, Wang X-Y et al. Distribution and density of tertiary lymphoid structures predict clini cal outcome in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatol, 76:608–18.

Helmink BA, Reddy SM, Gao J, Zhang S, Basar R, Thakur R, Yizhak K, Sade-Feldman M, Blando J, Han G et al. B cells and tertiary lymphoid structures promote immunotherapy respons e. Nature, 577:549–55.

Sautès-Fridman C, Verneau J, Sun C-M, Moreira M, Chen TW-W, Meylan M, Petitprez F, Fridman WH. Tertiary lymphoid structures and B cells: clinical impact and therapeu tic modulation in cancer. Semin Immunol, 48:101406.

Fridman WH, Meylan M, Petitprez F, Sun C-M, Italiano A, Sautès-Fridman C. B cells and tertiary lymphoid structures as determinants of tumour imm une contexture and clinical outcome. Nat Reviews Clin Oncol, 19:441–57.

Ruffin AT, Cillo AR, Tabib T, Liu A, Onkar S, Kunning SR, Lampenfeld C, Atiya HI, Abecassis I, Kürten CHL et al. B cell signatures and tertiary lymphoid structures contribute to outco me in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Nat Commun, 12:3349.

Marinkovic T, Marinkovic D. Biological mechanisms of ectopic lymphoid structure formation and thei r pathophysiological significance. Int Rev Immunol, 40:255–67.

Ware MB, Wolfarth AA, Goon JB, Ezeanya UI, Dhar S, Ferrando-Martinez S, Lee BH. The role of Interleukin-7 in the formation of Tertiary Lymphoid Struct ures and their prognostic value in gastrointestinal cancers. J Immunotherapy Precision Oncol, 5:105–17.

Nayar S, Campos J, Smith CG, Iannizzotto V, Gardner DH, Mourcin F, Roulois D, Turner J, Sylvestre M, Asam S et al. Immunofibroblasts are pivotal drivers of tertiary lymphoid structure f ormation and local pathology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States o f America, 116:13490–13497.

Collison J. Immunofibroblasts are the cornerstone of TLS formation in pSS. Nat Rev Rheumatol, 15:513.

Dieudé M, Kaci I, Hébert M-J. The impact of programmed cell death on the formation of Tertiary Lymph oid structures. Front Immunol, 12:696311.

Engelhard VH, Rodriguez AB, Mauldin IS, Woods AN, Peske JD, Slingluff CL Jr. Immune Cell Infiltration and Tertiary Lymphoid structures as Determina nts of Antitumor Immunity. J Immunol (Baltimore Md. 1950;200:432–42.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hua Y, Vella G, Rambow F, Allen E, Antoranz Martinez A, Duhamel M, Takeda A, Jalkanen S, Junius S, Smeets A et al. Cancer immunotherapies transition endothelial cells into HEVs that gen erate TCF1 < sup>+ T lymphocyte niches through a feed-forward loop. Cancer Cell, 40:1600–e16181610.

Vella G, Hua Y, Bergers G. High endothelial venules in cancer: regulation, function, and therapeu tic implication. Cancer Cell, 41:527–45.

Randall TD, Carragher DM, Rangel-Moreno J. Development of secondary lymphoid organs. Annu Rev Immunol, 26:627–50.

Sautès-Fridman C, Lawand M, Giraldo NA, Kaplon H, Germain C, Fridman WH, Dieu-Nosjean M-C. Tertiary lymphoid structures in cancers: Prognostic Value, Regulation, and manipulation for therapeutic intervention. Front Immunol, 7:407.

Neyt K, Perros F, GeurtsvanKessel CH, Hammad H, Lambrecht BN. Tertiary lymphoid organs in infection and autoimmunity. Trends Immunol, 33:297–305.

Manzo A, Bombardieri M, Humby F, Pitzalis C. Secondary and ectopic lymphoid tissue responses in rheumatoid arthriti s: from inflammation to autoimmunity and tissue damage/remodeling. Immunol Rev, 233:267–85.

Thaunat O, Patey N, Caligiuri G, Gautreau C, Mamani-Matsuda M, Mekki Y, Dieu-Nosjean M-C, Eberl G, Ecochard R, Michel J-B, et al. Chronic rejection triggers the development of an aggressive intragraft immune response through recapitulation of lymphoid organogenesis. J Immunol (Baltimore Md. 1950;185:717–28.

Article  Google Scholar 

Colbeck EJ, Ager A, Gallimore A, Jones GW. Tertiary lymphoid structures in Cancer: drivers of Antitumor Immunity, Immunosuppression, or Bystander sentinels in Disease? Front Immunol, 8:1830.

Gago da Graça C, van Baarsen LGM, Mebius RE. Tertiary lymphoid structures: diversity in their development, Composit ion, and role. J Immunol (Baltimore Md. 1950;206:273–81.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ruddle NH. Lymphatic vessels and tertiary lymphoid organs. J Clin Investig, 124:953–9.

Sato Y, Mii A, Hamazaki Y, Fujita H, Nakata H, Masuda K, Nishiyama S, Shibuya S, Haga H, Ogawa O et al. Heterogeneous fibroblasts underlie age-dependent tertiary lymphoid tis sues in the kidney. JCI Insight, 1:e87680.

Denton AE, Carr EJ, Magiera LP, Watts AJB, Fearon DT. Embryonic FAP < sup>+ lymphoid tissue organizer cells generate the reticular network of adult lymph nodes. J Exp Med, 216:2242–52.

Ruddle NH. Basics of Inducible Lymphoid organs. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol, 426:1–19.

van de Pavert SA, Olivier BJ, Goverse G, Vondenhoff MF, Greuter M, Beke P, Kusser K, Höpken UE, Lipp M, Niederreither K et al. Chemokine CXCL13 is essential for lymph node initiation and is induced by retinoic acid and neuronal stimulation. Nat Immunol, 10:1193–9.

Sato Y, Boor P, Fukuma S, Klinkhammer BM, Haga H, Ogawa O, Floege J, Yanagita M. Developmental stages of tertiary lymphoid tissue reflect local injury and inflammation in mouse and human kidneys. Kidney Int, 98:448–63.

Sato Y, Tamura M, Yanagita M. Tertiary lymphoid tissues: a regional hub for kidney inflammation. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: official publication of the Eu ropean Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Associatio n, 38:26–33.

Kerjaschki D, Regele HM, Moosberger I, Nagy-Bojarski K, Watschinger B, Soleiman A, Birner P, Krieger S, Hovorka A, Silberhumer G et al. Lymphatic neoangiogenesis in human kidney transplants is associated Wi th immunologically active lymphocytic infiltrates. J Am Soc Nephrology: JASN, 15:603–12.

Humby F, Bombardieri M, Manzo A, Kelly S, Blades MC, Kirkham B, Spencer J, Pitzalis C. Ectopic lymphoid structures support ongoing production of class-switch ed autoantibodies in rheumatoid synovium. PLoS Med, 6:e1.

Le Pottier L, Devauchelle V, Fautrel A, Daridon C, Saraux A, Youinou P, Pers J-O. Ectopic germinal centers are rare in Sjogren’s syndrome salivary gland s and do not exclude autoreactive B cells. J Immunol (Baltimore Md. 1950;182:3540–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

McDonald KG, McDonough JS, Dieckgraefe BK, Newberry RD. Dendritic cells produce CXCL13 and participate in the development of m urine small intestine lymphoid tissues. Am J Pathol, 176:2367–77.

Siliņa K, Soltermann A, Attar FM, Casanova R, Uckeley ZM, Thut H, Wandres M, Isajevs S, Cheng P, Curioni-Fontecedro A et al. Germinal centers determine the prognostic relevance of Tertiary Lympho id structures and are impaired by corticosteroids in Lung squamous cel l carcinoma. Cancer Res, 78:1308–20.

Meylan M, Petitprez F, Lacroix L, Di Tommaso L, Roncalli M, Bougoüin A, Laurent A, Amaddeo G, Sommacale D, Regnault H et al. Early hepatic lesions display immature Tertiary lymphoid structures an d show elevated expression of Immune Inhibitory and Immunosuppressive molecules. Clin cancer Research: Official J Am Associa Tion Cancer Res, 26:4381–9.

Calderaro J, Petitprez F, Becht E, Laurent A, Hirsch TZ, Rousseau B, Luciani A, Amaddeo G, Derman J, Charpy C et al. Intra-tumoral tertiary lymphoid structures are associated with a low r isk of early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 70:58–65.

Zhang F-P, Zhu K, Zhu T-F, Liu C-Q, Zhang H-H, Xu L-B, Xiao G, Liu C. Intra-tumoral secondary follicle-like tertiary lymphoid structures are Associated with a Superior prognosis of overall survival of Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma. Cancers, 14:6107.

Liu D, Heij LR, Czigany Z, Dahl E, Lang SA, Ulmer TF, Luedde T, Neumann UP, Bednarsch J. The role of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in cholangiocarcinoma. J Experimental Clin cancer Research: CR, 41:127.

Laumont CM, Nelson BH. B cells in the tumor microenvironment: multi-faceted organizers, regul ators, and effectors of anti-tumor immunity. Cancer Cell, 41:466–89.

Garaud S, Dieu-Nosjean M-C, Willard-Gallo K. T follicular helper and B cell crosstalk in tertiary lymphoid structur es and cancer immunotherapy. Nat Commun, 13:2259.

Noël G, Fontsa ML, Garaud S, De Silva P, de Wind A, Van den Eynden GG, Salgado R, Boisson A, Locy H, Thomas N et al. Functional Th1-oriented T follicular helper cells that infiltrate huma n breast cancer promote effective adaptive immunity. J Clin Investig, 131:e139905.

Rastogi I, Jeon D, Moseman JE, Muralidhar A, Potluri HK, McNeel DG. Role of B cells as antigen presenting cells. Front Immunol, 13:954936.

Hladíková K, Koucký V, Bouček J, Laco J, Grega M, Hodek M, Zábrodský M, Vošmik M, Rozkošová K, Vošmiková H et al. Tumor-infiltrating B cells affect the progression of oropharyngeal squ amous cell carcinoma via cell-to-cell interactions with CD8 < sup>+ T cells. J Immunother Cancer, 7:261.

Cabrita R, Lauss M, Sanna A, Donia M, Skaarup Larsen M, Mitra S, Johansson I, Phung B, Harbst K, Vallon-Christersson J et al. Tertiary lymphoid structures improve immunotherapy and survival in mel anoma. Nature, 577:561–5.

Hong S, Zhang Z, Liu H, Tian M, Zhu X, Zhang Z, Wang W, Zhou X, Zhang F, Ge Q et al. B cells are the Dominant Antigen-presenting cells that activate naive CD4 < sup>+ T cells upon immunization with a virus-derived Nanopar ticle Antigen. Immunity, 49:695–e708694.

Bruno TC, Ebner PJ, Moore BL, Squalls OG, Waugh KA, Eruslanov EB, Singhal S, Mitchell JD, Franklin WA, Merrick DT et al. Antigen-presenting Intratumoral B cells affect CD4 < sup>+ TIL phe notypes in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Res, 5:898–907.

Garg K, Maurer M, Griss J, Brüggen M-C, Wolf IH, Wagner C, Willi N, Mertz KD, Wagner SN. Tumor-associated B cells in cutaneous primary melanoma and improved cl inical outcome. Hum Pathol, 54:157–64.

Liu X, Wu S, Yang Y, Zhao M, Zhu G, Hou Z. The prognostic landscape of tumor-infiltrating immune cell and immunom odulators in lung cancer. Biomed Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine Pharmacotherapie, 95:55–61.

Hennequin A, Derangère V, Boidot R, Apetoh L, Vincent J, Orry D, Fraisse J, Causeret S, Martin F, Arnould L et al. Tumor infiltration by tbet + effector T cells and CD20 + B cells is asso ciated with survival in gastric cancer patients. Oncoimmunology, 5:e1054598.

Wouters MCA, Nelson BH. Prognostic significance of Tumor-infiltrating B cells and plasma cells in Human Cancer. Clin cancer Research: Official J Am Associa Tion Cancer Res, 24:6125–35.

Kroeger DR, Milne K, Nelson BH. Tumor-infiltrating plasma cells are Associated with Tertiary lymphoid structures, cytolytic T-Cell responses, and Superior Prognosis in Ovar Ian Cancer. Clin cancer Research: Official J Am Associa Tion Cancer Res, 22:3005–15.

Isaeva OI, Sharonov GV, Serebrovskaya EO, Turchaninova MA, Zaretsky AR, Shugay M, Chudakov DM. Intratumoral immunoglobulin isotypes predict survival in lung adenocar cinoma subtypes. J Immunother Cancer, 7:279.

Erdag G, Schaefer JT, Smolkin ME, Deacon DH, Shea SM, Dengel LT, Patterson JW, Slingluff CL Jr. Immunotype and immunohistologic characteristics of tumor-infiltrating immune cells are associated with clinical outcome in metastatic melano ma. Cancer Res, 72:1070–80.

Germain C, Devi-Marulkar P, Knockaert S, Biton J, Kaplon H, Letaïef L, Goc J, Seguin-Givelet A, Gossot D, Girard N et al. Tertiary Lymphoid Structure-B Cells Narrow Regulatory T Cells Impact i n lung Cancer patients. Front Immunol, 12:626776.

Gunderson J, Rajamanickam A, Bui V, Bernard C, Pucilowska B, Ballesteros-Merino J, Schmidt C, McCarty M, Philips K, Piening M. B, : Germinal center reactions in tertiary lymphoid structures associate Wi th neoantigen burden, humoral immunity and long-term survivorship in p ancreatic cancer. Oncoimmunology, 10:1900635.

Kinker GS, Vitiello GAF, Diniz AB, Cabral-Piccin MP, Pereira PHB, Carvalho MLR, Ferreira WAS, Chaves AS, Rondinelli A, Gusmão AF et al. Mature tertiary lymphoid structures are key niches of tumour-specific immune responses in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. Gut, 72:1927–41.

Germain C, Gnjatic S, Tamzalit F, Knockaert S, Remark R, Goc J, Lepelley A, Becht E, Katsahian S, Bizouard G et al. Presence of B cells in tertiary lymphoid structures is associated with a protective immunity in patients with lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 189:832–44.

Meylan M, Petitprez F, Becht E, Bougoüin A, Pupier G, Calvez A, Giglioli I, Verkarre V, Lacroix G, Verneau J et al. Tertiary lymphoid structures generate and propagate anti-tumor antibod y-producing plasma cells in renal cell cancer. Immunity, 55:527–e541525.

Iglesia MD, Parker JS, Hoadley KA, Serody JS, Perou CM, Vincent BG. Genomic analysis of Immune Cell infiltrates across 11 Tumor types. J Natl Cancer Inst, 108:djw144.

Chen DS, Mellman I. Oncology meets immunology: the cancer-immunity cycle. Immunity, 39:1–10.

Tang H, Zhu M, Qiao J, Fu Y-X. Lymphotoxin signalling in tertiary lymphoid structures and immunothera py. Cell Mol Immunol, 14:809–18.

Spiotto MT, Yu P, Rowley DA, Nishimura MI, Meredith SC, Gajewski TF, Fu YX, Schreiber H. Increasing tumor antigen expression overcomes ignorance to solid tum ors via crosspresentation by bone marrow-derived stromal cells. Immunity, 17:737–47.

He M, He Q, Cai X, Liu J, Deng H, Li F, Zhong R, Lu Y, Peng H, Wu X et al. Intratumoral tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) maturation is influence d by draining lymph nodes of lung cancer. J Immunother Cancer, 11:e005539.

Garaud S, Buisseret L, Solinas C, Gu-Trantien C, de Wind A, Van den Eynden G, Naveaux C, Lodewyckx J-N, Boisson A, Duvillier H et al. Tumor infiltrating B-cells signal functional humoral immune responses in breast cancer. JCI Insight, 5:e129641.

Gu-Trantien C, Loi S, Garaud S, Equeter C, Libin M, de Wind A, Ravoet M, Le Buanec H, Sibille C, Manfouo-Foutsop G et al. CD4+ follicular helper T cell infiltration predicts breast cancer surv ival. J Clin Investig, 123:2873–92.

Crotty S. T Follicular Helper Cell Biology: a decade of Discovery and diseases. Immunity, 50:1132–48.

Chaurio RA, Anadon CM, Lee Costich T, Payne KK, Biswas S, Harro CM, Moran C, Ortiz AC, Cortina C, Rigolizzo KE et al. TGF-β-mediated silencing of genomic organizer SATB1 promotes tfh cell differentiation and formation of intra-tumoral tertiary lymphoid struc tures. Immunity, 55:115–e128119.

Overacre-Delgoffe AE, Bumgarner HJ, Cillo AR, Burr AHP, Tometich JT, Bhattacharjee A, Bruno TC, Vignali DAA, Hand TW. Microbiota-specific T follicular helper cells drive tertiary lymphoid structures and anti-tumor immunity against colorectal cancer. Immunity, 54:2812–e28242814.

Sato Y, Oguchi A, Fukushima Y, Masuda K, Toriu N, Taniguchi K, Yoshikawa T, Cui X, Kondo M, Hosoi T et al. CD153/CD30 signaling promotes age-dependent tertiary lymphoid tissue e xpansion and kidney injury. J Clin Investig, 132:e146071.

Elyahu Y, Hekselman I, Eizenberg-Magar I, Berner O, Strominger I, Schiller M, Mittal K, Nemirovsky A, Eremenko E, Vital A et al. Aging promotes reorganization of the CD4 T cell landscape toward extre me regulatory and effector phenotypes. Sci Adv, 5:eaaw8330.

Fonseca VR, Ribeiro F, Graca L. T follicular regulatory (tfr) cells: dissecting the complexity of tfr- cell compartments. Immunol Rev, 288:112–27.

Hao H, Nakayamada S, Yamagata K, Ohkubo N, Iwata S, Inoue Y, Zhang M, Zhang T, Kanda Satoh Y, Shan Y et al. Conversion of T Follicular Helper Cells to T Follicular Regulatory Cel ls by Interleukin-2 through transcriptional regulation in systemic lup us Erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol (Hoboken NJ), 73:132–42.

McCarron MJ, Marie JC. TGF-β prevents T follicular helper cell accumulation and B cell autore activity. J Clin Investig, 124:4375–86.

Clement RL, Daccache J, Mohammed MT, Diallo A, Blazar BR, Kuchroo VK, Lovitch SB, Sharpe AH, Sage PT. Follicular regulatory T cells control humoral and allergic immunity by restraining early B cell responses. Nat Immunol, 20:1360–71.

Wang J, Jiang D, Zheng X, Li W, Zhao T, Wang D, Yu H, Sun D, Li Z, Zhang J et al. Tertiary lymphoid structure and decreased CD8 < sup>+ T cell infil tration in minimally invasive adenocarcinoma. iScience, 25:103883.

Gobert M, Treilleux I, Bendriss-Vermare N, Bachelot T, Goddard-Leon S, Arfi V, Biota C, Doffin AC, Durand I, Olive D et al. Regulatory T cells recruited through CCL22/CCR4 are selectively activa ted in lymphoid infiltrates surrounding primary breast tumors and lead to an adverse clinical outcome. Cancer Res, 69:2000–9.

Devi-Marulkar P, Fastenackels S, Karapentiantz P, Goc J, Germain C, Kaplon H, Knockaert S, Olive D, Panouillot M, Validire P et al. Regulatory T cells infiltrate the tumor-induced tertiary lymphoïd stru ctures and are associated with poor clinical outcome in NSCLC. Commun Biology, 5:1416.

Sautès-Fridman C, Petitprez F, Calderaro J, Fridman WH. Tertiary lymphoid structures in the era of cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer, 19:307–25.

Sautès-Fridman C, Dimberg A, Verma V. Editorial: tertiary lymphoid structures: from Basic Biology to Transla tional impact in Cancer. Front Immunol, 13:870862.

Sun X, Zhang T, Li M, Yin L, Xue J. Immunosuppressive B cells expressing PD-1/PD-L1 in solid tumors: a min i review. QJM: Monthly J Association Physicians, 115:507–12.

Sl NJJT, Gt N. B: Tertiary lymphoid structures and B lymphocytes in cancer prognosis and response to immunotherapies. Oncoimmunology, 10:1900508.

Shalapour S, Lin X-J, Bastian IN, Brain J, Burt AD, Aksenov AA, Vrbanac AF, Li W, Perkins A, Matsutani T et al. Inflammation-induced IgA + cells dismantle anti-liver cancer immunity. Nature, 551:340–5.

Shalapour S, Karin M. The neglected brothers come of age: B cells and cancer. Semin Immunol, 52:101479.

Michaud D, Steward CR, Mirlekar B, Pylayeva-Gupta Y. Regulatory B cells in cancer. Immunol Rev, 299:74–92.

Ishigami E, Sakakibara M, Sakakibara J, Masuda T, Fujimoto H, Hayama S, Nagashima T, Sangai T, Nakagawa A, Nakatani Y, Otsuka M. Coexistence of regulatory B cells and regulatory T cells in tumor-infi ltrating lymphocyte aggregates is a prognostic factor in patients with breast cancer. Breast cancer (Tokyo Japan), 26:180–9.

Wculek SK, Cueto FJ, Mujal AM, Melero I, Krummel MF, Sancho D. Dendritic cells in cancer immunology and immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol, 20:7–24.

Yiong CS, Lin TP, Lim VY, Toh TB, Yang VS. Biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibition in sarcomas - are we close to clinical implementation? Biomark Res, 11:75.

DeNardo DG, Ruffell B. Macrophages as regulators of tumour immunity and immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol, 19:369–82.

Resag A, Toffanin G, Benešová I, Müller L, Potkrajcic V, Ozaniak A, Lischke R, Bartunkova J, Rosato A, Jöhrens K et al. The Immune contexture of Liposarcoma and its clinical implications. Cancers, 14:4578.

Roulleaux Dugage M, Jones RL, Trent J, Champiat S, Dumont S. Beyond the driver mutation: immunotherapies in gastrointestinal stroma l tumors. Front Immunol, 12:715727.

Zhang C, Wang X-Y, Zuo J-L, Wang X-F, Feng X-W, Zhang B, Li Y-T, Yi C-H, Zhang P, Ma X-C et al. Localization and density of tertiary lymphoid structures associate wit h molecular subtype and clinical outcome in colorectal cancer liver me tastases. J Immunother Cancer, 11:e006425.

Zhang W, He KF, Yang JG, Ren JG, Sun YF, Zhao JH, Zhao YF. Infiltration of M2-polarized macrophages in infected lymphatic malform ations: possible role in disease progression. Br J Dermatol, 175:102–12.

Nie Y, Fan H, Li J, Lei X, Zhang T, Wang Y, Mao Z, Tao K, Song W. Tertiary lymphoid structures: Associated multiple immune cells and ana lysis their formation in hepatocellular carcinoma. FASEB Journal: Official Publication Federation Am Soc Ieties Experimental Biology, 36:e22586.

Griss J, Bauer W, Wagner C, Simon M, Chen M, Grabmeier-Pfistershammer K, Maurer-Granofszky M, Roka F, Penz T, Bock C et al. B cells sustain inflammation and predict response to immune checkpoint blockade in human melanoma. Nat Commun, 10:4186.

Groeneveld CS, Fontugne J, Cabel L, Bernard-Pierrot I, Radvanyi F, Allory Y, de Reyniès A. Tertiary lymphoid structures marker CXCL13 is associated with better s urvival for patients with advanced-stage bladder cancer treated with i mmunotherapy. Eur J cancer (Oxford England: 1990), 148:181–9.

Denton AE, Innocentin S, Carr EJ, Bradford BM, Lafouresse F, Mabbott NA, Mörbe U, Ludewig B, Groom JR, Good-Jacobson KL, Linterman MA. Type I interferon induces CXCL13 to support ectopic germinal center fo rmation. J Exp Med, 216:621–37.

Gomez-Nguyen A, Gupta N, Sanaka H, Gruszka D, Pizarro A, DiMartino L, Basson A, Menghini P, Osme A, DeSalvo C et al. Chronic stress induces colonic tertiary lymphoid organ formation and p rotection against secondary injury through IL-23/IL-22 signaling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States o f America, 119:e2208160119.

Masuda T, Tanaka N, Takamatsu K, Hakozaki K, Takahashi R, Anno T, Kufukihara R, Shojo K, Mikami S, Shinojima T et al. Unique characteristics of tertiary lymphoid structures in kidney clear cell carcinoma: prognostic outcome and comparison with bladder cancer. J Immunother Cancer, 10:e003883.

Fleig S, Kapanadze T, Bernier-Latmani J, Lill JK, Wyss T, Gamrekelashvili J, Kijas D, Liu B, Hüsing AM, Bovay E et al. Loss of vascular endothelial notch signaling promotes spontaneous form ation of tertiary lymphoid structures. Nat Commun, 13:2022.

Rakaee M, Kilvaer TK, Jamaly S, Berg T, Paulsen E-E, Berglund M, Richardsen E, Andersen S, Al-Saad S, Poehl M et al. Tertiary lymphoid structure score: a promising approach to refine the TNM staging in resected non-small cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer, 124:1680–9.

Pimenta EM, Barnes BJ. Role of Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) in Anti-tumor Immunity: Pot Ential Tumor-Induced Cytokines/Chemokines that regulate TLS formation in epithelial-derived cancers. Cancers, 6:969–97.

Tang J, Ramis-Cabrer D, Curull V, Wang X, Mateu-Jiménez M, Pijuan L, Duran X, Qin L, Rodríguez-Fuster A, Aguiló R, Barreiro E. B cells and tertiary lymphoid structures influence survival in lung ca ncer patients with resectable tumors. Cancers, 12:2644.

Seow DYB, Yeong JPS, Lim JX, Chia N, Lim JCT, Ong CCH, Tan PH, Iqbal J. Tertiary lymphoid structures and associated plasma cells play an impor tant role in the biology of triple-negative breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 180:369–77.

Rodriguez AB, Engelhard VH. Insights into Tumor-Associated Tertiary lymphoid structures: Novel Tar gets for Antitumor Immunity and Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res, 8:1338–45.

Rodriguez AB, Peske JD, Woods AN, Leick KM, Mauldin IS, Meneveau MO, Young SJ, Lindsay RS, Melssen MM, Cyranowski S et al. Immune mechanisms orchestrate tertiary lymphoid structures in tumors v ia cancer-associated fibroblasts. Cell Rep, 36:109422.

Lee M, Heo S-H, Song IH, Rajayi H, Park HS, Park IA, Kim Y-A, Lee H, Gong G, Lee HJ. Presence of tertiary lymphoid structures determines the level of tumor -infiltrating lymphocytes in primary breast cancer and metastasis. Mod Pathology: Official J United States Canadi Acad Pathol Inc, 32:70–80.

Munoz-Erazo L, Rhodes JL, Marion VC, Kemp RA. Tertiary lymphoid structures in cancer - considerations for patient pr ognosis. Cell Mol Immunol, 17:570–5.

Yang M, Che Y, Li K, Fang Z, Li S, Wang M, Zhang Y, Xu Z, Luo L, Wu C et al. Detection and quantitative analysis of tumor-associated tertiary lymph oid structures. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B, 24:779–95.

Feng H, Yang F, Qiao L, Zhou K, Wang J, Zhang J, Tian T, Du Y, Shangguan H. Prognostic significance of Gene Signature of Tertiary Lymphoid Structu res in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol, 11:693234.

Wang L, Gong S, Pang L, Zhang S, Zhang X, He W. Genomic properties and clinical outcomes associated with tertiary lymp hoid structures in patients with breast cancer. Sci Rep, 13:13542.

Horeweg N, Workel HH, Loiero D, Church DN, Vermij L, Léon-Castillo A, Krog RT, de Boer SM, Nout RA, Powell ME et al. Tertiary lymphoid structures critical for prognosis in endometrial can cer patients. Nat Commun, 13:1373.

Xu Y, Su G-H, Ma D, Xiao Y, Shao Z-M, Jiang Y-Z. Technological advances in cancer immunity: from immunogenomics to sing le-cell analysis and artificial intelligence. Signal Transduct Target Therapy, 6:312.

Vaidya P, Bera K, Patil PD, Gupta A, Jain P, Alilou M, Khorrami M, Velcheti V, Madabhushi A. Novel, non-invasive imaging approach to identify patients with advance d non-small cell lung cancer at risk of hyperprogressive disease with immune checkpoint blockade. J Immunother Cancer, 8:e001343.

Zhang J, Wu Z, Zhang X, Liu S, Zhao J, Yuan F, Shi Y, Song B. Machine learning: an approach to preoperatively predict PD-1/PD-L1 exp ression and outcome in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma using MRI bioma rkers. ESMO open, 5:e000910.

Ren F, Xie M, Gao J, Wu C, Xu Y, Zang X, Ma X, Deng H, Song J, Huang A et al. Tertiary lymphoid structures in lung adenocarcinoma: characteristics a nd related factors. Cancer Med, 11:2969–77.

Xu Y, Li Z, Yang Y, Li L, Zhou Y, Ouyang J, Huang Z, Wang S, Xie L, Ye F et al. A CT-based radiomics approach to predict intra-tumoral tertiary lympho id structures and recurrence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Insights into Imaging, 14:173.

Schaadt NS, Schönmeyer R, Forestier G, Brieu N, Braubach P, Nekolla K, Meyer-Hermann M, Feuerhake F. Graph-based description of tertiary lymphoid organs at single-cell lev El. PLoS Comput Biol, 16:e1007385.

Li P, Liang Y, Zeng B, Yang G, Zhu C, Zhao K, Xu Z, Wang G, Han C, Ye H et al. Preoperative prediction of intra-tumoral tertiary lymphoid structures based on CT in hepatocellular cancer. Eur J Radiol, 151:110309.

Shostak E, Hariri LP, Cheng GZ, Adams DC, Suter MJ. Needle-based Optical Coherence Tomography to Guide Transbronchial Lymp h Node Biopsy. J Bronchol Interventional Pulmonol, 25:189–97.

van Rijthoven M, Balkenhol M, Siliņa K, van der Laak J, Ciompi F. HookNet: multi-resolution convolutional neural networks for semantic s egmentation in histopathology whole-slide images. Med Image Anal, 68:101890.

Hu J, Coleman K, Zhang D, Lee EB, Kadara H, Wang L, Li M. Deciphering tumor ecosystems at super resolution from spatial transcri ptomics with TESLA. Cell Syst, 14:404–e417404.

Liu Z, Meng X, Tang X, Zou W, He Y. Intratumoral tertiary lymphoid structures promote patient survival and immunotherapy response in head neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunotherapy: CII, 72:1505–21.

Petitprez F, de Reyniès A, Keung EZ, Chen TW-W, Sun C-M, Calderaro J, Jeng Y-M, Hsiao L-P, Lacroix L, Bougoüin A et al. B cells are associated with survival and immunotherapy response in sar coma. Nature, 577:556–60.

Budczies J, Kirchner M, Kluck K, Kazdal D, Glade J, Allgäuer M, Kriegsmann M, Heußel C-P, Herth FJ, Winter H et al. A gene expression signature associated with B cells predicts benefit f rom immune checkpoint blockade in lung adenocarcinoma. Oncoimmunology, 10:1860586.

Hao D, Han G, Sinjab A, Gomez-Bolanos LI, Lazcano R, Serrano A, Hernandez SD, Dai E, Cao X, Hu J et al. The single-cell Immunogenomic Landscape of B and plasma cells in early -stage lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Discov, 12:2626–45.

Patil NS, Nabet BY, Müller S, Koeppen H, Zou W, Giltnane J, Au-Yeung A, Srivats S, Cheng JH, Takahashi C et al. Intratumoral plasma cells predict outcomes to PD-L1 blockade in non-sm all cell lung cancer. Cancer Cell, 40:289–e300284.

Johansson-Percival A, He B, Li Z-J, Kjellén A, Russell K, Li J, Larma I, Ganss R. De novo induction of intratumoral lymphoid structures and vessel norma lization enhances immunotherapy in resistant tumors. Nat Immunol, 18:1207–17.

Johansson-Percival A, He B, Ganss R. Immunomodulation of Tumor vessels: it takes two to Tango. Trends Immunol, 39:801–14.

Chelvanambi M, Fecek RJ, Taylor JL, Storkus WJ. STING agonist-based treatment promotes vascular normalization and tert iary lymphoid structure formation in the therapeutic melanoma microenv ironment. J Immunother Cancer, 9:e001906.

Lutz ER, Wu AA, Bigelow E, Sharma R, Mo G, Soares K, Solt S, Dorman A, Wamwea A, Yager A et al. Immunotherapy converts nonimmunogenic pancreatic tumors into immunogen ic foci of immune regulation. Cancer Immunol Res, 2:616–31.

Kuwabara S, Tsuchikawa T, Nakamura T, Hatanaka Y, Hatanaka KC, Sasaki K, Ono M, Umemoto K, Suzuki T, Sato O et al. Prognostic relevance of tertiary lymphoid organs following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Sci, 110:1853–62.

Boivin G, Kalambaden P, Faget J, Rusakiewicz S, Montay-Gruel P, Meylan E, Bourhis J, Lesec G, Vozenin M-C. Cellular Composition and Contribution of Tertiary lymphoid structures to Tumor Immune Infiltration and Modulation by Radiation Therapy. Front Oncol, 8:256.

Wang D, Huang L, Qian D, Cao Y, Wu X, Xu P, Ming L, Tang J, Huang Z, Yin Y, Zhou L. Low-dose radiotherapy promotes the formation of tertiary lymphoid stru ctures in lung adenocarcinoma. Front Immunol, 14:1334408.

Weber JS, Yang JC, Atkins MB, Disis ML. Toxicities of Immunotherapy for the practitioner. J Clin Oncology: Official J Am Societ Y Clin Oncol, 33:2092–9.

Chen W, Li C, Jiang X. Advanced Biomaterials with intrinsic Immunomodulation effects for Canc Er Immunotherapy. Small Methods, 7:e2201404.

Delvecchio FR, Fincham REA, Spear S, Clear A, Roy-Luzarraga M, Balkwill FR, Gribben JG, Bombardieri M, Hodivala-Dilke K, Capasso M, Kocher HM. Pancreatic Cancer chemotherapy is potentiated by induction of Tertiary lymphoid structures in mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol, 12:1543–65.

GeurtsvanKessel CH, Willart MAM, Bergen IM, van Rijt LS, Muskens F, Elewaut D, Osterhaus ADME, Hendriks R, Rimmelzwaan GF, Lambrecht BN. Dendritic cells are crucial for maintenance of tertiary lymphoid struc tures in the lung of influenza virus-infected mice. J Exp Med, 206:2339–49.

van Hooren L, Vaccaro A, Ramachandran M, Vazaios K, Libard S, van de Walle T, Georganaki M, Huang H, Pietilä I, Lau J et al. Agonistic CD40 therapy induces tertiary lymphoid structures but impair s responses to checkpoint blockade in glioma. Nat Commun, 12:4127.

Morcrette G, Hirsch TZ, Badour E, Pilet J, Caruso S, Calderaro J, Martin Y, Imbeaud S, Letouzé E, Rebouissou S et al. <i > APC germline hepatoblastomas demonstrate cisplatin-induced intr atumor tertiary lymphoid structures</i >. Oncoimmunology, 8:e1583547.

Benzerdjeb N, Dartigues P, Kepenekian V, Valmary-Degano S, Mery E, Avérous G, Chevallier A, Laverriere M-H, Villa I, Harou O et al. Tertiary lymphoid structures in epithelioid malignant peritoneal mesot helioma are associated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, but not with pro gnosis. Virchows Archiv: Int J Pathol, 479:765–72.

Remark R, Lupo A, Alifano M, Biton J, Ouakrim H, Stefani A, Cremer I, Goc J, Régnard J-F, Dieu-Nosjean M-C, Damotte D. Immune contexture and histological response after neoadjuvant chemothe rapy predict clinical outcome of lung cancer patients. Oncoimmunology, 5:e1255394.

van Dijk N, Gil-Jimenez A, Silina K, Hendricksen K, Smit LA, de Feijter JM, van Montfoort ML, van Rooijen C, Peters D, Broeks A et al. Preoperative ipilimumab plus nivolumab in locoregionally advanced urot helial cancer: the NABUCCO trial. Nat Med, 26:1839–44.