Ronco P, et al. Membranous nephropathy. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021;7(1):69.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sethi S. New “Antigens” in membranous nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;32(2):268–78.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ronco P, Debiec H. Molecular pathogenesis of membranous nephropathy. Annu Rev Pathol. 2020;15:287–313.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

So BYF, Yap DYH, Chan TM. B cells in primary membranous nephropathy: escape from immune tolerance and implications for patient management. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(24):13560.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lateb M, et al. Anti-PLA2R1 antibodies containing sera induce in vitro cytotoxicity mediated by complement activation. J Immunol Res. 2019;2019:1324804.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fervenza FC, et al. Rituximab or cyclosporine in the treatment of membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(1):36–46.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Olatunde AC, Hale JS, Lamb TJ. Cytokine-skewed Tfh cells: functional consequences for B cell help. Trends Immunol. 2021;42(6):536–50.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Song W, Craft J. T follicular helper cell heterogeneity: time, space, and function. Immunol Rev. 2019;288(1):85–96.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Crotty S. T follicular helper cell biology: a decade of discovery and diseases. Immunity. 2019;50(5):1132–48.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mintz MA, Cyster JG. T follicular helper cells in germinal center B cell selection and lymphomagenesis. Immunol Rev. 2020;296(1):48–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zeng QH, et al. B cells polarize pathogenic inflammatory T helper subsets through ICOSL-dependent glycolysis. Sci Adv. 2020;6(37).

Oster C, et al. BTLA expression on Th1, Th2 and Th17 effector T-cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus is associated with active disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(18):4505.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Walker LSK. The link between circulating follicular helper T cells and autoimmunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2022;22(9):567–75.

Article  MathSciNet  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Meier K, et al. Case Report: Apremilast for Therapy-Resistant Pemphigus Vulgaris. Front Immunol. 2020;11: 588315.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Akiyama M, et al. Number of circulating follicular helper 2 T cells correlates with IgG4 and interleukin-4 levels and plasmablast numbers in IgG4-related disease. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(9):2476–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wei X, Niu X. T follicular helper cells in autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun. 2023;134: 102976.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jiang HX, et al. Advances of the experimental models of idiopathic membranous nephropathy (Review). Mol Med Rep. 2020;21(5):1993–2005.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chapter 7: Idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int Suppl (2011). 2012;2(2): 186–197.

Wang X, et al. Sanqi oral solution mitigates proteinuria in rat passive Heymann nephritis and blocks podocyte apoptosis via Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12: 727874.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Levey AS, et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(9):604–12.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Boardman DA, et al. Pharmacological inhibition of RORC2 enhances human Th17-Treg stability and function. Eur J Immunol. 2020;50(9):1400–11.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang Z, et al. Higher frequencies of circulating ICOS(+), IL-21(+) T follicular helper cells and plasma cells in patients with new-onset membranous nephropathy. Autoimmunity. 2017;50(8):458–67.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mintz MA, et al. The HVEM-BTLA axis restrains T cell help to germinal center B cells and functions as a cell-extrinsic suppressor in lymphomagenesis. Immunity. 2019;51(2):310-323e7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Anang DC, et al. Increased frequency of CD4(+) follicular helper T and CD8(+) follicular T cells in human lymph node biopsies during the earliest stages of rheumatoid arthritis. Cells. 2022;11(7):1104.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang Z, et al. Increased soluble ST2 and IL-4 serum levels are associated with disease severity in patients with membranous nephropathy. Mol Med Rep. 2018;17(2):2778–86.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen Y, et al. Aberrant expansion and function of follicular helper T cell subsets in IgG4-related disease. Arthritis Rheumatol (Hoboken, NJ). 2018;70(11):1853–65.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Baiyegunhi O, et al. Frequencies of circulating Th1-biased T follicular helper cells in acute HIV-1 infection correlate with the development of HIV-specific antibody responses and lower set point viral load. J Virol. 2018;92(15):e00659–18.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Haddad G, et al. Altered glycosylation of IgG4 promotes lectin complement pathway activation in anti-PLA2R1-associated membranous nephropathy. J Clin Invest. 2021;131(5):e140453.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ren HM, et al. New developments implicating IL-21 in autoimmune disease. J Autoimmun. 2021;122: 102689.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Quast I, et al. Interleukin-21, acting beyond the immunological synapse, independently controls T follicular helper and germinal center B cells. Immunity. 2022;55(8):1414-1430.e5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pontarini E, et al. Unique expansion of IL-21+ Tfh and Tph cells under control of ICOS identifies Sjogren’s syndrome with ectopic germinal centres and MALT lymphoma. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(12):1588–99.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kashiwakuma D, et al. B and T lymphocyte attenuator suppresses IL-21 production from follicular Th cells and subsequent humoral immune responses. J Immunol. 2010;185(5):2730–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rosenzwajg M, et al. B- and T-cell subpopulations in patients with severe idiopathic membranous nephropathy may predict an early response to rituximab. Kidney Int. 2017;92(1):227–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Luo W, et al. IL-21R signal reprogramming cooperates with CD40 and BCR signals to select and differentiate germinal center B cells. Sci Immunol. 2023;8(80):eadd1823.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ma X, Nakayamada S. Multi-source pathways of T follicular helper cell differentiation. Front Immunol. 2021;12: 621105.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim CJ, et al. The transcription factor Ets1 suppresses T follicular helper type 2 cell differentiation to halt the onset of systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunity. 2018;49(6):1034-1048e8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar