aDepartment of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria

bDepartment of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Korea

cDepartment of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics

dInstitute of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Ibadan

eDepartment of Public Health, Osun State University, Osogbo, Osun State

fDepartment of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife

gDepartment of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Nigeria

hDepartment of Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana

iDepartment of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

jJos University Teaching Hospital Jos

kDepartment of Radiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan

lDepartment of Medicine, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria

mMedical University of South Carolina, South Carolina, USA

nDepartment of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano

oDepartment of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana

pAga-Khan University Dar es Salaam Tanzania

qDepartment of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Umahia

rNeuroscience and Ageing Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training College of Medicine

sCenter for Genomic and Precision Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria

tWeill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, USA

uLebanese American University of Beirut, Lebanon

vBlossom Specialist Medican Centre, Ibadan, Nigeria

Correspondence to Professor Mayowa Owolabi, MBBS, MD, DrM, DSc, FAAN, FANA, FRCP, FAMedS, FAS, Department of Medicine and Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, 200284, Ibadan, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected]

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular diseases; DASH, Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension; FFQ, Food Frequency Questionnaire; OR, odds ratio; PCA, principal component analysis; SIREN, Stroke Investigative Research and Educational Network; SSA, sub-Saharan Africa; UPF, ultra-processed foods; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio

Received 8 March, 2023

Revised 20 November, 2023

Accepted 4 January, 2024

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