aGraduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

bEndocrine Unit, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

Correspondence to Sandra P. Silveiro, Endocrine Unit, HCPA, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, 4° andar, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil. Tel: +55 51 33598127; e-mail: [email protected]

Abbreviations: ABCD, Appropriate Blood Pressure Control in Diabetes; ACCORD, Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ADA, American Diabetes Association; AHA, American Heart Association; ALLHAT, Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BP, blood pressure; CCB, calcium channel blockers; CDA, Canadian Diabetes Association; COX, cyclooxygenase; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; ECG, electrocardiogram; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESC, European Society of Cardiology; ESH, The European Society of Hypertension; FIPE, Research Incentive Fund; HOT, Hypertension Optimal Treatment; HT, hypertension; IDNT, Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy Trial; IOM, Institute of Medicine; JNC 8, The Eighth Joint National Committee; JSH, The Japanese Society of Hypertension; MACE, major cardiovascular events; NMRA, nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; NO, nitric oxide; RAS, renin–angiotensin system; RCT, randomized clinical trial; RENAAL, Reduction of Endpoints in NIDDM with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan; SFA, saturated fatty acids; SSaSS, Salt Substitute and Stroke Study; T reg, anti-inflammatory regulatory T; UKPDS, The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study; VA/DoD, Veterans Affairs/US Department of Defense

Received 28 December, 2022

Revised 27 November, 2023

Accepted 16 January, 2024