O’Leary JG, Lepe R, Davis GL. Indications for liver transplantation. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:1764–1776

Article  Google Scholar 

Zarrinpar A, Busuttil RW. Liver transplantation: past, present and future. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;10:434–440

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Durand F. How to improve long-term outcome after liver transplantation? Liver Int. 2018;38(Suppl 1):134–138

Article  Google Scholar 

Chan SC, Fan ST. Historical perspective of living donor liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14:15–21

Article  Google Scholar 

Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, Schunemann HJ, GRADE Working Group. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336:924–926.

Schunemann HJ, Oxman AD, Brozek J, Glasziou P, Jaeschke R, Vist GE, Williams JW, Jr., Kunz R, Craig J, Montori VM, Bossuyt P, Guyatt GH, GRADE Working Group. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations for diagnostic tests and strategies. BMJ. 2008;336:1106–1110.

Polson J, Lee WM, American Association for the Study of Liver D. AASLD position paper: the management of acute liver failure. Hepatology. 2005;41:1179–1197.

European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practical Guidelines on the management of acute (fulminant) liver failure. J Hepatol. 2017;66:1047–1081

Article  Google Scholar 

Stravitz RT, Lee WM. Acute liver failure. Lancet. 2019;394:869–881

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jayaraman T, Lee YY, Chan WK, Mahadeva S. Epidemiological differences of common liver conditions between Asia and the West. JGH Open. 2020;4:332–339

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhao P, Wang C, Liu W, Chen G, Liu X, Wang X, et al. Causes and outcomes of acute liver failure in China. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e80991

Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Shen T, Liu Y, Shang J, Xie Q, Li J, Yan M, et al. Incidence and etiology of drug-induced liver injury in mainland China. Gastroenterology. 2019;156:2230-2241.e11

Article  Google Scholar 

Kumar R, Shalimar, Bhatia V, Khanal S, Sreenivas V, Gupta SD, Panda SK, Acharya SK. Antituberculosis therapy-induced acute liver failure: magnitude, profile, prognosis, and predictors of outcome. Hepatology. 2010;51:1665–1674.

Lim YS. Acute liver failure in Korea: etiology, prognosis and treatment. Korean J Hepatol. 2010;16:5–18

Article  Google Scholar 

Oketani M, Ido A, Nakayama N, Takikawa Y, Naiki T, Yamagishi Y, Ichida T, Mochida S, Onishi S, Tsubouchi H, Intractable Hepato-Biliary Diseases Study Group of Japan. Etiology and prognosis of fulminant hepatitis and late-onset hepatic failure in Japan: Summary of the annual nationwide survey between 2004 and 2009. Hepatol Res. 2013;43:97–105.

Ho CM, Lee CH, Wang JY, Lee PH, Lai HS, Hu RH. Nationwide longitudinal analysis of acute liver failure in taiwan. Medicine (Baltimore). 2014;93:e35

Article  Google Scholar 

Jindal A, Sarin SK. Epidemiology of liver failure in Asia-Pacific region. Liver Int. 2022;42:2093–2109

Article  Google Scholar 

Seow HF, Mahomed NM, Mak JW, Riddell MA, Li F, Anderson DA. Seroprevalence of antibodies to hepatitis E virus in the normal blood donor population and two aboriginal communities in Malaysia. J Med Virol. 1999;59:164–168

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bhatia V, Singhal A, Panda SK, Acharya SK. A 20-year single-center experience with acute liver failure during pregnancy: is the prognosis really worse? Hepatology. 2008;48:1577–1585

Article  Google Scholar 

Javed N, Ullah SH, Hussain N, Sheikh MA, Khan A, Ghafoor F, et al. Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence in pregnant women in Pakistan: maternal and fetal outcomes. East Mediterr Health J. 2017;23:559–563

Article  Google Scholar 

Gupta N, Sarangi AN, Dadhich S, Dixit VK, Chetri K, Goel A, et al. Acute hepatitis E in India appears to be caused exclusively by genotype 1 hepatitis E virus. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2018;37:44–49

Article  Google Scholar 

Stockdale AJ, Kreuels B, Henrion MYR, Giorgi E, Kyomuhangi I, de Martel C, et al. The global prevalence of hepatitis D virus infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2020;73:523–532

Article  Google Scholar 

Hercun J, Koh C, Heller T. Hepatitis delta: prevalence, natural history, and treatment options. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2020;49:239–252

Article  Google Scholar 

Nakao M, Nakayama N, Uchida Y, Tomiya T, Ido A, Sakaida I, et al. Nationwide survey for acute liver failure and late-onset hepatic failure in Japan. J Gastroenterol. 2018;53:752–769

Article  Google Scholar 

Noguchi F, Chu PS, Yoshida A, Taniki N, Morikawa R, Hasegawa Y, et al. Early dynamics of MELD scores predict corticosteroid responsiveness to severe acute-onset autoimmune hepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20:2641-2643.e3

Article  Google Scholar 

Hiramatsu A, Takahashi S, Aikata H, Azakami T, Katamura Y, Kawaoka T, et al. Etiology and outcome of acute liver failure: retrospective analysis of 50 patients treated at a single center. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;23:1216–1222

Article  Google Scholar 

Arai S, Kogiso T, Ogasawara Y, Sagawa T, Taniai M, Tokushige K. Long-term outcome of Wilson’s disease complicated by liver disease. JGH Open. 2021;5:793–800

Article  Google Scholar 

O’Grady JG, Alexander GJ, Hayllar KM, Williams R. Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure. Gastroenterology. 1989;97:439–445

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hadem J, Stiefel P, Bahr MJ, Tillmann HL, Rifai K, Klempnauer J, et al. Prognostic implications of lactate, bilirubin, and etiology in German patients with acute liver failure. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6:339–345

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sugawara K, Nakayama N, Mochida S. Acute liver failure in Japan: definition, classification, and prediction of the outcome. J Gastroenterol. 2012;47:849–861

Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Tujios S, Stravitz RT, Lee WM. Management of acute liver failure: update 2022. Semin Liver Dis. 2022;42:362–378

Article  Google Scholar 

Kumar R, Anand U, Priyadarshi RN. Liver transplantation in acute liver failure: dilemmas and challenges. World J Transplant. 2021;11:187–202

Article  Google Scholar 

Barshes NR, Lee TC, Balkrishnan R, Karpen SJ, Carter BA, Goss JA. Risk stratification of adult patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure. Transplantation. 2006;81:195–201

Article  Google Scholar 

Pan ET, Yoeli D, Galvan NTN, Kueht ML, Cotton RT, O’Mahony CA, et al. Cold ischemia time is an important risk factor for post-liver transplant prolonged length of stay. Liver Transpl. 2018;24:762–768

Article  Google Scholar 

Huang Y, MacQuillan G, Adams LA, Garas G, Collins M, Nwaba A, et al. Effect of airplane transport of donor livers on post-liver transplantation survival. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22:9154–9161

Article  Google Scholar 

Shukla A, Vadeyar H, Rela M, Shah S. Liver transplantation: east versus west. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2013;3:243–253

Article  Google Scholar 

Urrunaga NH, Rachakonda VP, Magder LS, Mindikoglu AL. Outcomes of living versus deceased donor liver transplantation for acute liver failure in the United States. Transpl Proc. 2014;46:219–224

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jin YJ, Lim YS, Han S, Lee HC, Hwang S, Lee SG. Predicting survival after living and deceased donor liver transplantation in adult patients with acute liver failure. J Gastroenterol. 2012;47:1115–1124

Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Yamashiki N, Sugawara Y, Tamura S, Nakayama N, Oketani M, Umeshita K, et al. Outcomes after living donor liver transplantation for acute liver failure in Japan: results of a nationwide survey. Liver Transpl. 2012;18:1069–1077

Article  Google Scholar 

Pamecha V, Vagadiya A, Sinha PK, Sandhyav R, Parthasarathy K, Sasturkar S, et al. Living donor liver transplantation for acute liver failure: donor safety and recipient outcome. Liver Transpl. 2019;25:1408–1421

Article  Google Scholar 

Mehrotra S, Mehta N, Rao PS, Lalwani S, Mangla V, Nundy S. Live donor liver transplantation for acute liver failure: a single center experience. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2018;37:25–30

Article  Google Scholar 

Goldaracena N, Spetzler VN, Marquez M, Selzner N, Cattral MS, Greig PD, et al. Live donor liver transplantation: a valid alternative for critically ill patients suffering from acute liver failure. Am J Transpl. 2015;15:1591–1597

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sarin SK, Choudhury A, Sharma MK, Maiwall R, Al Mahtab M, Rahman S, Saigal S, Saraf N, Soin AS, Devarbhavi H, Kim DJ, Dhiman RK, Duseja A, Taneja S, Eapen CE, Goel A, Ning Q, Chen T, Ma K, Duan Z, Yu C, Treeprasertsuk S, Hamid SS, Butt AS, Jafri W, Shukla A, Saraswat V, Tan SS, Sood A, Midha V, Goyal O, Ghazinyan H, Arora A, Hu J, Sahu M, Rao PN, Lee GH, Lim SG, Lesmana LA, Lesmana CR, Shah S, Prasad VGM, Payawal DA, Abbas Z, Dokmeci AK, Sollano JD, Carpio G, Shresta A, Lau GK, Fazal Karim M, Shiha G, Gani R, Kalista KF, Yuen MF, Alam S, Khanna R, Sood V, Lal BB, Pamecha V, Jindal A, Rajan V, Arora V, Yokosuka O, Niriella MA, Li H, Qi X, Tanaka A, Mochida S, Chaudhuri DR, Gane E, Win KM, Chen WT, Rela M, Kapoor D, Rastogi A, Kale P, Rastogi A, Sharma CB, Bajpai M, Singh V, Premkumar M, Maharashi S, Olithselvan A, Philips CA, Srivastava A, Yachha SK, Wani ZA, Thapa BR, Saraya A, Shalimar, Kumar A, Wadhawan M, Gupta S, Madan K, Sakhuja P, Vij V, Sharma BC, Garg H, Garg V, Kalal C, Anand L, Vyas T, Mathur RP, Kumar G, Jain P, Pasupuleti SSR, Chawla YK, Chowdhury A, Alam S, Song DS, Yang JM, Yoon EL, APASL ACLF Research Consortium (AARC) for APASL ACLF working Party. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL): an update. Hepatol Int. 2019;13:353–390.

Jalan R, Saliba F, Pavesi M, Amoros A, Moreau R, Gines P, Levesque E, Durand F, Angeli P, Caraceni P, Hopf C, Alessandria C, Rodriguez E, Solis-Munoz P, Laleman W, Trebicka J, Zeuzem S, Gustot T, Mookerjee R, Elkrief L, Soriano G, Cordoba J, Morando F, Gerbes A, Agarwal B, Samuel D, Bernardi M, Arroyo V, CANONIC study investigators of the EASL-CLIF Consortium. Development and validation of a prognostic score to predict mortality in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Hepatol. 2014;61:1038–1047.

Bajaj JS, O'Leary JG, Reddy KR, Wong F, Biggins SW, Patton H, Fallon MB, Garcia-Tsao G, Maliakkal B, Malik R, Subramanian RM, Thacker LR, Kamath PS, North American Consortium For The Study Of End-Stage Liver Disease (NACSELD). Survival in infection-related acute-on-chronic liver failure is defined by extrahepatic organ failures. Hepatology. 2014;60:250–256.

Arroyo V, Moreau R, Jalan R. Acute-on-chronic liver failure. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:2137–2145

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kim TY, Song DS, Kim HY, Sinn DH, Yoon EL, Kim CW, Jung YK, Suk KT, Lee SS, Lee CH, Kim TH, Kim JH, Choe WH, Yim HJ, Kim SE, Baik SK, Lee BS, Jang JY, Suh J, 3rd, Kim HS, Nam SW, Kwon HC, Kim YS, Kim SG, Chae HB, Yang JM, Sohn JH, Lee HJ, Park SH, Han BH, Choi EH, Kim CH, Kim DJ, Korean Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure Study Group. Characteristics and discrepancies in acute-on-chronic liver failure: need for a unified definition. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0146745.

Bajaj JS, O’Leary JG, Lai JC, Wong F, Long MD, Wong RJ, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure clinical guidelines. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022;117:225–252

Article  Google Scholar 

Hong YS, Sinn DH, Gwak GY, Cho J, Kang D, Paik YH, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of chronic liver disease patients with acute deteriorated liver function by severity of underlying liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22:3785–3792

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yoon EL, Kim TY, Lee CH, Kim TH, Cho HC, Lee SS, Kim SE, Kim HY, Kim CW, Song DS, Yang JM, Sinn DH, Jung YK, Yim HJ, Kim HS, Sohn JH, Kim JH, Choe WH, Lee BS, Kim MY, Jeong SW, Choi E, Kim DJ, Korean Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure (KACLiF) Study Group. Long-term prognosis of acute-on-chronic liver failure survivors. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2019;53:134–141.

Mahmud N, Sundaram V, Kaplan DE, Taddei TH, Goldberg DS. Grade 1 acute on chronic liver failure is a predictor for subsequent grade 3 failure. Hepatology. 2020;72:230–239

Article  Google Scholar 

Sundaram V, Shah P, Wong RJ, Karvellas CJ, Fortune BE, Mahmud N, et al. Patients with acute on chronic liver failure grade 3 have greater 14-day waitlist mortality than status-1a patients. Hepatology. 2019;70:334–345

Article  Google Scholar 

Larsen FS. Artificial liver support in acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2019;25:187–191

Article