American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th Ed (DSM-5). Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

Book  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. Alcohol [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Dec 27]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/alcohol.

World Health Organization. Tobacco [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Dec 27]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco.

World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. Geneva: WHO; 2018.

Richard J, Andler R, Cogordan C, Spilka S, Nguyen-Thanh V. La consommation d’alcool chez les adultes en France en 2017 [Alcohol consumption among adults in France in 2017]. Bull Epidémiol Hebd. 2019;5–6:89–97.

Pasquereau A. Consommation de tabac parmi les adultes: bilan de cinq années de programme national contre le tabagisme, 2014–2019 [Tobacco use among adults: five-year review of the national tobacco control programme, 2014–2019]. Bull Epidémiol Hebd. 2020;14:273–81.

Google Scholar 

Glantz MD, Bharat C, Degenhardt L, Sampson NA, Scott KM, Lim CC, et al. The epidemiology of alcohol use disorders cross-nationally: findings from the World Mental Health Surveys. Addict Behav. 2020;102:106128.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Randolph TG. The descriptive features of food addiction; addictive eating and drinking. Q J Stud Alcohol. 1956;17(2):198–224.

Article  MathSciNet  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gearhardt AN, Hebebrand J. The concept of food addiction helps inform the understanding of overeating and obesity: debate consensus. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;113(2):274–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gearhardt AN, Schulte EM. Is food addictive? A review of the science. Annu Rev Nutr. 2021;41:387–410.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Monteiro CA, Cannon G, Lawrence M, Costa Louzada M, Pereira Machado P. Ultra-processed foods, diet quality, and health using the NOVA classification system. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2019.

Google Scholar 

Praxedes DRS, Silva-Júnior AE, Macena ML, Oliveira AD, Cardoso KS, Nunes LO, et al. Prevalence of food addiction determined by the Yale Food Addiction Scale and associated factors: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2022;30(2):85–95.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meng SQ, Cheng JL, Li YY, Yang XQ, Zheng JW, Chang XW, et al. Global prevalence of digital addiction in general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2022;92:102128.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Valderas JM, Starfield B, Sibbald B, Salisbury C, Roland M. Defining comorbidity: implications for understanding health and health services. Ann Fam Med. 2009;7(4):357–63.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Adams S. Psychopharmacology of tobacco and alcohol comorbidity: a review of current evidence. Curr Addict Rep. 2017;4(1):25–34.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tsumura H, Kanda H, Sugaya N, Tsuboi S, Takahashi K. Prevalence and risk factors of internet addiction among employed adults in Japan. J Epidemiol. 2018;28(4):202–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sela Y, Bar-Or RL, Kor A, Lev-Ran S. The Internet Addiction Test: psychometric properties, socio-demographic risk factors and addictive co-morbidities in a large adult sample. Addict Behav. 2021;122:107023.

Kircaburun K, Ünübol H, Sayar GH, Stavropoulos V, Griffiths MD. Measurement, prevalence, and psychological risk factors associated with addictive food consumption: development of a new food addiction scale and evidence from a national large-scale sample. J Behav Addict. 2020;9(3):836–52.

Schulte EM, Gearhardt AN. Associations of food addiction in a sample recruited to be nationally representative of the United States. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2018;26(2):112–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stone AL, Becker LG, Huber AM, Catalano RF. Review of risk and protective factors of substance use and problem use in emerging adulthood. Addict Behav. 2012;37(7):747–75.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Choi SW, Kim DJ, Choi JS, Ahn H, Choi EJ, Song WY, et al. Comparison of risk and protective factors associated with smartphone addiction and internet addiction. J Behav Addict. 2015;4(4):308–14.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Derbyshire KL, Lust KA, Schreiber LRN, Odlaug BL, Christenson GA, Golden DJ, et al. Problematic internet use and associated risks in a college sample. Compr Psychiatry. 2013;54(5):415–22.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li JTE, Pursey KM, Duncan MJ, Burrows T. Addictive eating and its relation to physical activity and sleep behavior. Nutrients. 2018;10(10):1428.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Romero-Blanco C, Hernández-Martínez A, Parra-Fernández ML, Onieva-Zafra MD, Prado-Laguna M, del C, Rodríguez-Almagro J. Food addiction and lifestyle habits among university students. Nutrients. 2021;13(4):1352.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aghasi M, Matinfar A, Golzarand M, Salari-Moghaddam A, Ebrahimpour-Koujan S. Internet use in relation to overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. Adv Nutr. 2020;11(2):349–56.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim CH, Kang KA, Shin S. Healthy lifestyle status related to alcohol and food addiction risk among college students: a logistic regression analysis. J Am Coll Health. 2022;11:1–7.

Google Scholar 

Burrows T, Kay-Lambkin F, Pursey K, Skinner J, Dayas C. Food addiction and associations with mental health symptoms: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2018;31(4):544–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Andrade ALM, Scatena A, Bedendo A, Enumo SRF, Dellazzana-Zanon LL, Prebianchi HB, et al. Findings on the relationship between internet addiction and psychological symptoms in Brazilian adults. Int J Psychol. 2020;55(6):941–50.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chou SP, Goldstein RB, Smith SM, Huang B, Ruan WJ, Zhang H, et al. The epidemiology of DSM-5 nicotine use disorder: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions-III. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77(10):1404–12.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hoover LV, Yu HP, Cummings JR, Ferguson SG, Gearhardt AN. Co-occurrence of food addiction, obesity, problematic substance use, and parental history of problematic alcohol use. Psychol Addict Behav. 2023;37(7):928–35.

Owari Y, Miyatake N, Suzuki H. Relationship between food dependence and nicotine dependence in smokers: a cross-sectional study of staff and students at medical colleges. Medicina (Kaunas). 2019;55(5):202.

Zawertailo L, Attwells S, deRuiter WK, Le TL, Dawson D, Selby P. Food addiction and tobacco use disorder: common liability and shared mechanisms. Nutrients. 2020;12(12):3834.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang J, Hao Q hong, Tu Y, Peng W, Wang Y, Li H et al. Assessing the association between internet addiction disorder and health risk behaviors among adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health. 2022;10:809232.

Ko CH, Yen JY, Yen CF, Chen CS, Chen CC. The association between internet addiction and psychiatric disorder: a review of the literature. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(1):1–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sjoerds Z, Luigjes J, van den Brink W, Denys D, Yücel M. The role of habits and motivation in human drug addiction: a reflection. Front Psychiatry. 2014;5:8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McKim TH, Bauer DJ, Boettiger CA. Addiction history associates with the propensity to form habits. J Cogn Neurosci. 2016;28(7):1024–38.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hercberg S, Castetbon K, Czernichow S, Malon A, Mejean C, Kesse E, et al. The NutriNet-Santé study: a web-based prospective study on the relationship between nutrition and health and determinants of dietary patterns and nutritional status. BMC Public Health. 2010;10(1):242.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Babor TF, Higgins-Biddle JC, Saunders JB, Monteiro MG. Alcohol Use Disorders Identificaiton Test: guidelines for use in primary care. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001.

Moehring A, Rumpf HJ, Hapke U, Bischof G, John U, Meyer C. Diagnostic performance of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in detecting DSM-5 alcohol use disorders in the general population. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;204:107530.

Gache P, Michaud P, Landry U, Accietto C, Arfaoui S, Wenger O, et al. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) as a screening tool for excessive drinking in primary care: reliability and validity of a French version. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2005;29(11):2001–7.

Etter JF, Le Houezec J, Perneger TV. A self-administered questionnaire to measure dependence on cigarettes: The Cigarette Dependence Scale. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003;28(2):359–70.

Etter JF. Comparing the validity of The Cigarette Dependence Scale and the Fagerström Test for nicotine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008;95(1–2):152–9.

Brunault P, Berthoz S, Gearhardt AN, Gierski F, Kaladjian A, Bertin E, et al. The modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0: validation among non-clinical and clinical french-speaking samples and comparison with the full Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:480671.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Laconi S, Rodgers RF, Chabrol H. The measurement of internet addiction: a critical review of existing scales and their psychometric properties. Comput Hum Behav. 2014;41:190–202.

Article  Google Scholar 

Khazaal Y, Billieux J, Thorens G, Khan R, Louati Y, Scarlatti E, et al. French validation of the Internet Addiction Test. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2008;11(6):703–6.

Vergnaud AC, Touvier M, Méjean C, Kesse-Guyot E, Pollet C, Malon A, et al. Agreement between web-based and paper versions of a socio-demographic questionnaire in the NutriNet-Santé study. Int J Public Health. 2011;56(4):407–17.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lassale C, Péneau S, Touvier M, Julia C, Galan P, Hercberg S, et al. Validity of web-based self-reported weight and height: results of the NutriNet-Santé study. J Med Internet Res. 2013;15(8):e152.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Santé publique France. Baromètre santé. Saint-Maurice: SPF; 2017

Loftfield E, Yi S, Immerwahr S, Eisenhower D. Construct validity of a single-item, self-rated question of diet quality. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2015;47(2):181–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Benowitz NL. Nicotine addiction. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:2295–303.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cummings JR, Gearhardt AN, Ray LA, Choi AK, Tomiyama AJ. Experimental and observational studies on alcohol use and dietary intake: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2020;21(2):e12950.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pursey KM, Collins CE, Stanwell P, Burrows TL. Foods and dietary profiles associated with ‘food addiction’ in young adults. Addict Behav Rep. 2015;2:41–8.

PubMed