Bharucha AE, Dunivan G, Goode PS et al (2015) Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and classification of fecal incontinence: state of the science summary for the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) workshop. Am J Gastroenterol 110(1):127–136. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2014.396

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ditah I, Devaki P, Luma HN et al (2014) Prevalence, trends, and risk factors for fecal incontinence in United States adults, 2005–2010. Clin Gastroenterolo Hepatol Off Clin Pract J Am Gastroenterol Assoc 12(4):636-643.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2013.07.020

Article  Google Scholar 

Menees SB, Almario CV, Spiegel BMR, Chey WD (2018) Prevalence of and factors associated with fecal incontinence: results from a population-based survey. Gastroenterology 154(6):1672-1681.e1673. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2018.01.062

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brown HW, Wexner SD, Segall MM, Brezoczky KL, Lukacz ES (2012) Accidental bowel leakage in the mature women’s health study: prevalence and predictors. Int J Clin Pract 66(11):1101–1108. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.12018

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arroyo Fernández R, Avendaño Coy J, Ando Lafuente S, Martín Correa MT, Ferri Morales A (2018) Posterior tibial nerve stimulation in the treatment of fecal incontinence: a systematic review. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 110(9):577–588. https://doi.org/10.17235/reed.2018.5007/2017

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deb B, Prichard DO, Bharucha AE (2020) Constipation and fecal incontinence in the elderly. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 22(11):54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-020-00791-1

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brown HW, Dyer KY, Rogers RG (2020) Management of fecal incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 136(4):811–822. https://doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000004054

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wald A (2018) Diagnosis and management of fecal incontinence. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 20(3):9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-018-0614-0

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Forte ML, Andrade KE, Lowry AC, Butler M, Bliss DZ, Kane RL (2016) Systematic review of surgical treatments for fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 59(5):443–469. https://doi.org/10.1097/dcr.0000000000000594

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brown SR, Wadhawan H, Nelson RL (2013) Surgery for faecal incontinence in adults. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 7:CD001757. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001757.pub4

Article  Google Scholar 

Thin NN, Horrocks EJ, Hotouras A et al (2013) Systematic review of the clinical effectiveness of neuromodulation in the treatment of faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 100(11):1430–1447. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.9226

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kreydin EI, Chaudhry ZQ, Kazanjian KK, Lin AY (2019) Anal sphincteroplasty in the minimally invasive era: assessment of national trends and complications. Am Surg 85(1):46–51

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wald A, Bharucha AE, Cosman BC, Whitehead WE (2014) ACG clinical guideline: management of benign anorectal disorders. Am J Gastroenterol 109(8):1141–1157. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2014.190

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Janssen PTJ, Komen N, Melenhorst J et al (2017) Sacral neuromodulation for fecal incontinence: a review of the central mechanisms of action. J Clin Gastroenterol 51(8):669–676. https://doi.org/10.1097/mcg.0000000000000850

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tan E, Ngo NT, Darzi A, Shenouda M, Tekkis PP (2011) Meta-analysis: sacral nerve stimulation versus conservative therapy in the treatment of faecal incontinence. Int J Colorectal Dis 26(3):275–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-010-1119-y

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mellgren A, Wexner SD, Coller JA et al (2011) Long-term efficacy and safety of sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 54(9):1065–1075. https://doi.org/10.1097/DCR.0b013e31822155e9

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peña Ros E, Parra Baños PA, Benavides Buleje JA et al (2016) Short-term outcome of percutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) for the treatment of faecal incontinence. Tech Coloproctol 20(1):19–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10151-015-1380-8

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hounsome N, Roukas C (2018) Cost-effectiveness of sacral nerve stimulation and percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence. Ther Adv Gastroenterol 11:1756284818802562. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756284818802562

Article  Google Scholar 

Al Asari S, Meurette G, Mantoo S, Kubis C, Wyart V, Lehur PA (2014) Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation vs sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence: a comparative case-matched study. Colorectal Dis 16(11):O393-399. https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.12680

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heywood NA, Pearson JS, Nicholson JE et al (2018) The short-term effects of posterior tibial nerve stimulation on anorectal physiology in patients with faecal incontinence: a single centre experience. Ther Adv Gastroenterol 11:1756284818786111. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756284818786111

Article  Google Scholar 

Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J et al (2009) The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. J Clin Epidemiol 62(10):e1-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

George AT, Kalmar K, Sala S et al (2013) Randomized controlled trial of percutaneous versus transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation in faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 100(3):330–338. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.9000

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Knowles CH, Horrocks EJ, Bremner SA et al (2015) Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation versus sham electrical stimulation for the treatment of faecal incontinence in adults (CONFIDeNT): a double-blind, multicentre, pragmatic, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 386(10004):1640–1648. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60314-2

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van der Wilt AA, Giuliani G, Kubis C, van Wunnik BPW et al (2017) Randomized clinical trial of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation versus sham electrical stimulation in patients with faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 104(9):1167–1176. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.10590

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zyczynski HM, Richter HE, Sung VW et al (2022) Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation vs sham stimulation for fecal incontinence in women: neuromodulation for accidental bowel leakage randomized clinical trial. Am J Gastroenterol 117(4):654–667. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000001605

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Norton NJ (2004) The perspective of the patient. Gastroenterology 126(1 Suppl 1):S175-179. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2003.10.081

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goode PS, Burgio KL, Halli AD et al (2005) Prevalence and correlates of fecal incontinence in community-dwelling older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 53(4):629–635. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53211.x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

NICE (2011) Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) for faecal incontinence.https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg395/resources/percutaneous-tibial-nerve-stimulation-for-faecal-incontinence-pdf-1899867877238725.pdf

Wald A, Bharucha AE, Limketkai B et al (2021) ACG clinical guidelines: management of benign anorectal disorders. Am J Gastroenterol 116(10):1987–2008. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000001507

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bordeianou LG, Thorsen AJ, Keller DS et al (2023) The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons clinical practice guidelines for the management of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 66(5):647–661

Article  Google Scholar 

Assmann SL, Keszthelyi D, Kleijnen J et al (2022) Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of faecal incontinence-a UEG/ESCP/ESNM/ESPCG collaboration. United Eur Gastroenterol J 10(3):251–286. https://doi.org/10.1002/ueg2.12213

Article  Google Scholar 

Matzel KE, Stadelmaier U, Hohenfellner M, Gall FP (1995) Electrical stimulation of sacral spinal nerves for treatment of faecal incontinence. Lancet 346(8983):1124–1127. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(95)91799-3

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Simillis C, Lal N, Qiu S et al (2018) Sacral nerve stimulation versus percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis 33(5):645–648. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-018-2976-z

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hotouras A, Murphy J, Allison M et al (2014) Prospective clinical audit of two neuromodulatory treatments for fecal incontinence: sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) and percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS). Surg Today 44(11):2124–2130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00595-014-0898-0

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shafik A, Ahmed I, El-Sibai O, Mostafa RM (2003) Percutaneous peripheral neuromodulation in the treatment of fecal incontinence. Eur Surg Res 35(2):103–107. https://doi.org/10.1159/000069399

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Michelsen HB, Buntzen S, Krogh K, Laurberg S (2006) Rectal volume tolerability and anal pressures in patients with fecal incontinence treated with sacral nerve stimulation. Dis Colon Rectum 49(7):1039–1044. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10350-006-0548-8

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dibley L, Norton C, Cotterill N, Bassett P (2016) Development and initial validation of a disease-specific bowel continence questionnaire for inflammatory bowel disease patients: the ICIQ-IBD. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 28(2):233–239. https://doi.org/10.1097/meg.0000000000000513

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar