Abdelmalek M, Choi J, Kim Y et al (2020) HM15211, a novel GLP-1/GIP/Glucagon triple-receptor co-agonist significantly reduces liver fat and body weight in obese subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a Phase 1b/2a, multi-center, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Hepatol 73:S124. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-8278(20)30765-0

Article  Google Scholar 

ADLYXIN (lixisenatide) injection [prescribing information]. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/208471orig1s000lbl.pdf. Accessed 27 Dec 2023

ADMELOG™ PRODUCT MONOGRAPH INCLUDING PATIENT MEDICATION INFORMATION by Sanofi-aventis Canada Inc. https://pdf.hres.ca/dpd_pm/00042171.PDF. Accessed 27 Dec 2023

Adrian TE, Ferri GL, Bacarese-Hamilton AJ et al (1985) Human distribution and release of a putative new gut hormone, peptide YY. Gastroenterology 89:1070–1077. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(85)90211-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

AFREZZA® (insulin human) Inhalation Powder for oral inhalation [prescribing information]. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/022472lbl.pdf. Accessed 27 Dec 2023

Ahn J-M, Kassees K, Lee T-K et al (2017) 6.03—strategy and tactics for designing analogs: biochemical characterization of the large molecules☆. In: Chackalamannil S, Rotella D, Ward SEBT-CMCIII (eds) Elsevier, Oxford, pp 66–115

Ahrén B, Hedner P, Lundquist I (1983) Interaction of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and cholecystokinin (CCK-8) with basal and stimulated insulin secretion in mice. Acta Endocrinol (copenh) 102:96–102. https://doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1020096

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahrén B, Holst JJ, Efendic S (2000) Antidiabetogenic action of cholecystokinin-8 in type 2 diabetes*. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:1043–1048. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.85.3.6431

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Åkesson B, Panagiotidis G, Westermark P, Lundquist I (2003) Islet amyloid polypeptide inhibits glucagon release and exerts a dual action on insulin release from isolated islets. Regul Pept 111:55–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-0115(02)00252-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alarcon C, Lincoln B, Rhodes CJ (1993) The biosynthesis of the subtilisin-related proprotein convertase PC3, but not that of the PC2 convertase, is regulated by glucose in parallel to proinsulin biosynthesis in rat pancreatic islets. J Biol Chem 268:4276–4280. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53606-1

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aldawsari M, Almadani FA, Almuhammadi N et al (2023) The Efficacy of GLP-1 analogues on appetite parameters, gastric emptying, food preference and taste among adults with obesity: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 16:575–595. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S387116

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ali R, Virendra SA, Chawla PA (2022) Bumps and humps in the success of Tirzepatide as the first GLP1 and GIP receptor agonist. Heal Sci Rev 4:100032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hsr.2022.100032

Article  Google Scholar 

American Diabetes Association (2009) Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 32(Suppl 1):S62–S67. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-S062

Article  Google Scholar 

APIDRA® (insulin glulisine [rDNA origin] injection) solution for injection [prescribing information]. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/021629s030lbl.pdf. Accessed 27 Dec 2023

Atkinson MA, Eisenbarth GS (2001) Type 1 diabetes: new perspectives on disease pathogenesis and treatment. Lancet (london, England) 358:221–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05415-0

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bækdal TA, Donsmark M, Hartoft-Nielsen ML et al (2021) Relationship between oral semaglutide tablet erosion and pharmacokinetics: a pharmacoscintigraphic study. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 10:453–462. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpdd.938

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Baggio LL, Drucker DJ (2007a) Biology of Incretins: GLP-1 and GIP. Gastroenterology 132:2131–2157. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.054

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baggio LL, Drucker DJ (2007b) Biology of incretins: GLP-1 and GIP. Gastroenterology 132:2131–2157. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.054

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Banday MZ, Sameer AS, Nissar S (2020) Pathophysiology of diabetes: an overview. Avicenna J Med 10:174–188. https://doi.org/10.4103/ajm.ajm_53_20

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bansal P, Wang Q (2008) Insulin as a physiological modulator of glucagon secretion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.90295.2008

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barnett AH (2012) The role of GLP-1 mimetics and basal insulin analogues in type 2 diabetes mellitus: guidance from studies of liraglutide. Diabetes Obes Metab 14:304–314. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01523.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Barrington P, Chien JY, Showalter HDH et al (2011) A 5-week study of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of LY2189265, a novel, long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue, in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 13:426–433. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01364.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

BASAGLAR™ Product monograph by ©Eli Lilly Canada Inc. https://pdf.hres.ca/dpd_pm/00060562.PDF. Accessed 27 Dec 2023

Batterham RL, Cowley MA, Small CJ et al (2002) Gut hormone PYY(3–36) physiologically inhibits food intake. Nature 418:650–654. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature00887

Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Becerril S, Frühbeck G (2021) Cagrilintide plus semaglutide for obesity management. Lancet 397:1687–1689. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00944-2

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Becker RHA (2007) Insulin glulisine complementing basal insulins: a review of structure and activity. Diabetes Technol Ther 9:109–121. https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2006.0035

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Becker RHA, Dahmen R, Bergmann K et al (2014) New insulin glargine 300 units·mL−1 provides a more even activity profile and prolonged glycemic control at steady state compared with insulin glargine 100 units·mL−1. Diabetes Care 38:637–643. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc14-0006

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berenson DF, Weiss AR, Wan Z, Weiss MA (2011) Insulin analogs for the treatment of diabetes mellitus: therapeutic applications of protein engineering. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1243:E40–E54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06468.x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berglund MM, Hipskind PA, Gehlert DR (2003) Recent developments in our understanding of the physiological role of PP-fold peptide receptor subtypes. Exp Biol Med (maywood) 228:217–244. https://doi.org/10.1177/153537020322800301

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bethel MA, Feinglos MN (2005) Basal insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes. J Am Board Fam Pract 18:199–204. https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.18.3.199

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bossart M, Wagner M, Elvert R et al (2022) Effects on weight loss and glycemic control with SAR441255, a potent unimolecular peptide GLP-1/GIP/GCG receptor triagonist. Cell Metab 34:59-74.e10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2021.12.005

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brange J (2012) Galenics of insulin: the physico-chemical and pharmaceutical aspects of insulin and insulin preparations. Springer, Berlin

Google Scholar 

Brunelle RL, Llewelyn J, Anderson JH Jr et al (1998) Meta-analysis of the effect of insulin lispro on severe hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 21:1726–1731. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.21.10.1726

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bruno BJ, Miller GD, Lim CS (2013) Basics and recent advances in peptide and protein drug delivery. Ther Deliv 4:1443–1467. https://doi.org/10.4155/tde.13.104

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Buckley ST, Bækdal TA, Vegge A et al (2018) Transcellular stomach absorption of a derivatized glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist. Sci Transl Med. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aar7047

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Buse JB, Rosenstock J, Sesti G et al (2009) Liraglutide once a day versus exenatide twice a day for type 2 diabetes: a 26-week randomised, parallel-group, multinational, open-label trial (LEAD-6). Lancet (london, England) 374:39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60659-0

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

BYDUREON BCISE® (exenatide extended-release) injectable suspension [prescribing information]. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2021/209210s017lbl.pdf. Accessed 27 Dec 2023

BYDUREON® (exenatide extended-release) for injectable suspension, for subcutaneous use [prescribing information]. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/022200s026lbl.pdf. Accessed 27 Dec 2023

BYETTA (exenatide) Injection [prescribing information]. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021773s036lbl.pdf. Accessed 27 Dec 2023

Cai Y, Wei L, Ma L et al (2013) Long-acting preparations of exenatide. Drug Des Devel Ther 7:963–970. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S46970

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Campbell RK, White JR, Levien T, Baker D (2001) Insulin glargine. Clin Ther 23:1938–1957. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2918(01)80148-X

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Capozzi ME, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH et al (2018) Targeting the incretin/glucagon system with triagonists to treat diabetes. Endocr Rev 39:719–738. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2018-00117

Article  PubMed