Bartoli F. The lithium paradox: declining prescription of the gold standard treatment for bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2023;147:314–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bauer M, Grof P, Müller-Oerlinghausen B. Lithium in neuropsychiatry: the comprehensive guide. London: CRC Press; 2013.

Book  Google Scholar 

Bauer M, Glenn T, Alda M, Bauer R, Grof P, Marsh W, Monteith S, Munoz R, Rasgon N, Sagduyu K, Whybrow PC. Trajectories of adherence to mood stabilizers in patients with bipolar disorder. Int J Bipolar Disord. 2019;7:19.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bopp SK, Heilbronner U, Schlattmann P, Muhleisen TW, Bschor T, Richter C, Steinacher B, Stamm TJ, Merkl A, Herms S, Kohler S, Sterzer P, Hellweg R, Heinz A, Cichon S, Lang UE, Schulze TG, Adli M, Ricken R. Leptin gene polymorphisms are associated with weight gain during lithium augmentation in patients with major depression. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2019;29:211–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, Ketter TA, Sachs GS, White RL, Thompson TR. Impact of lamotrigine and lithium on weight in obese and non-obese patients with bipolar I disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:1199–201.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bowden CL, Mosolov S, Hranov L, Chen E, Habil H, Kongsakon R, Manfredi R, Lin HN. Efficacy of valproate versus lithium in mania or mixed mania: a randomized, open 12-week trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010;25:60–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Bardeci M, Greil W, Stassen H, Willms J, Koberle U, Bridler R, Hasler G, Kasper S, Ruther E, Bleich S, Toto S, Grohmann R, Seifert J. Dear Doctor Letters regarding citalopram and escitalopram: guidelines vs real-world data. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2023;273:65–74.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fagiolini A, Kupfer DJ, Houck PR, Novick DM, Frank E. Obesity as a correlate of outcome in patients with bipolar I disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:112–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Felber W, Bauer M, Lewitzka U, Muller-Oerlinghausen B. Lithium clinics in Berlin and Dresden: a 50-year experience. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2018;51:166–71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Findling RL, McNamara NK, Pavuluri M, Frazier JA, Rynn M, Scheffer R, Kafantaris V, Robb A, DelBello M, Kowatch RA, Rowles BM, Lingler J, Zhao J, Clemons T, Martz K, Anand R, Taylor-Zapata P. Lithium for the maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled discontinuation study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019;58(287–96): e4.

Google Scholar 

Forlenza OV, Hajek T, Almeida OP, Beunders AJM, Blumberg HP, Briggs FBS, De-Paula VJR, Dols A, Eyler LT, Forester BP, Gildengers A, Jimenez E, Korten NCM, Lafer B, McWhinney SR, Mulsant B, Rej S, Sarna K, Schouws S, Sutherland A, Tsai S, Vieta E, Yala J, Sajatovic M, Initiative G-B. Demographic and clinical characteristics of lithium-treated older adults with bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2022;146:442–55.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fornaro M, De Berardis D, Koshy AS, Perna G, Valchera A, Vancampfort D, Stubbs B. Prevalence and clinical features associated with bipolar disorder polypharmacy: a systematic review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2016;12:719–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fountoulakis KN, Grunze H, Vieta E, Young A, Yatham L, Blier P, Kasper S, Moeller HJ. The International College of Neuro-Psychopharmacology (CINP) treatment guidelines for bipolar disorder in adults (CINP-BD-2017), part 3: the clinical guidelines. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017;20:180–95.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gelenberg AJ, Kane JM, Keller MB, Lavori P, Rosenbaum JF, Cole K, Lavelle J. Comparison of standard and low serum levels of lithium for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:1489–93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gitlin M. Lithium side effects and toxicity: prevalence and management strategies. Int J Bipolar Disord. 2016;4:27.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gomes-da-Costa S, Marx W, Corponi F, Anmella G, Murru A, Pons-Cabrera MT, Gimenez-Palomo A, Gutierrez-Arango F, Llach CD, Fico G, Kotzalidis GD, Verdolini N, Valenti M, Berk M, Vieta E, Pacchiarotti I. Lithium therapy and weight change in people with bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022;134: 104266.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Greil W. Pharmacokinetics and toxicology of lithium. Bibl Psychiatr. 1981;161:69–103.

Google Scholar 

Greil W, Ludwig-Mayerhofer W, Erazo N, Schochlin C, Schmidt S, Engel RR, Czernik A, Giedke H, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Osterheider M, Rudolf GA, Sauer H, Tegeler J, Wetterling T. Lithium versus carbamazepine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorders—a randomised study. J Affect Disord. 1997;43:151–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Greil W, Haberle A, Schuhmann T, Grohmann R, Baumann P. Age and adverse drug reactions from psychopharmacological treatment: data from the AMSP drug surveillance programme in Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly. 2013;143: w13772.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Greil W, Zhang X, Stassen H, Grohmann R, Bridler R, Hasler G, Toto S, Bleich S, Kasper S. Cutaneous adverse drug reactions to psychotropic drugs and their risk factors—a case-control study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2019;29:111–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grohmann R, Engel RR, Ruther E, Hippius H. The AMSP drug safety program: methods and global results. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2004;37(Suppl 1):S4-11.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grohmann R, Engel RR, Moller HJ, Ruther E, van der Velden JW, Stubner S. Flupentixol use and adverse reactions in comparison with other common first- and second-generation antipsychotics: data from the AMSP study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014;264:131–41.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grootens KP, Meijer A, Hartong EG, Doornbos B, Bakker PR, Al Hadithy A, Hoogerheide KN, Overmeire F, Marijnissen RM, Ruhe HG. Weight changes associated with antiepileptic mood stabilizers in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;74:1485–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hojlund M, Stovring H, Andersen K, Correll CU, Hallas J. Impact of low-dose quetiapine-use on glycosylated hemoglobin, triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2023;147:105–16.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huhn M, Nikolakopoulou A, Schneider-Thoma J, Krause M, Samara M, Peter N, Arndt T, Backers L, Rothe P, Cipriani A, Davis J, Salanti G, Leucht S. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 32 oral antipsychotics for the acute treatment of adults with multi-episode schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2019;394:939–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kemp DE, Sylvia LG, Calabrese JR, Nierenberg AA, Thase ME, Reilly-Harrington NA, Ostacher MJ, Leon AC, Ketter TA, Friedman ES, Bowden CL, Rabideau DJ, Pencina M, Iosifescu DV, Li TSG. General medical burden in bipolar disorder: findings from the LiTMUS comparative effectiveness trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014;129:24–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kishi T, Ikuta T, Matsuda Y, Sakuma K, Okuya M, Nomura I, Hatano M, Iwata N. Pharmacological treatment for bipolar mania: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of double-blind randomized controlled trials. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27:1136–44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Malhi GS, Bell E, Jadidi M, Gitlin M, Bauer M. Countering the declining use of lithium therapy: a call to arms. Int J Bipolar Disord. 2023;11(1):30.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McElroy SL, Kemp DE, Friedman ES, Reilly-Harrington NA, Sylvia LG, Calabrese JR, Rabideau DJ, Ketter TA, Thase ME, Singh V, Tohen M, Bowden CL, Bernstein EE, Brody BD, Deckersbach T, Kocsis JH, Kinrys G, Bobo WV, Kamali M, McInnis MG, Leon AC, Faraone S, Nierenberg AA, Shelton RC. Obesity, but not metabolic syndrome, negatively affects outcome in bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2016;133:144–53.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meyer JM, Simmons A, Jiang Y, Graham C, Yagoda S, McDonnell D. Olanzapine/samidorphan combination consistently mitigates weight gain across various subgroups of patients. CNS Spectr. 2022;28:1–4.

Google Scholar 

Ohlund L, Ott M, Oja S, Bergqvist M, Lundqvist R, Sandlund M, Salander Renberg E, Werneke U. Reasons for lithium discontinuation in men and women with bipolar disorder: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18:37.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Phelps JR, Pipitone OR, Squires K, Bale JD. Lamotrigine and lithium in primary care psychiatric consultation: adoption and adverse effects. Fam Pract. 2021;38:381–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prillo J, Soh JF, Park H, Beaulieu S, Linnaranta O, Rej S. Obesity and metabolic comorbidity in bipolar disorder: do patients on lithium comprise a subgroup? A Naturalistic Study. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21:558.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pringsheim T, Gardner DM. Dispensed prescriptions for quetiapine and other second-generation antipsychotics in Canada from 2005 to 2012: a descriptive study. CMAJ Open. 2014;2:E225–32.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pruccoli J, Rosa S, Bergonzini L, Parmeggiani A. Lithium treatment in children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa: clinical use, side effects and tolerability. Riv Psichiatr. 2022;57:198–202.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reilly-Harrington NA, Feig EH, Huffman JC. Bipolar disorder and obesity: contributing factors, impact on clinical course, and the role of bariatric surgery. Curr Obes Rep. 2018;7:294–300.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rybakowski JK, Suwalska A. Gastrointestinal, metabilic and body weight changes during treatment with lithium In : Bauer M, Grof P, Müller-Oerlinghausen B (Eds.) : Lithium in Neuropsychiatry. The Comprehensive Guide. Informa Healthcare, UK, Ltd 2006. p 283–294.

Rybakowski J, Suwalska A. Gastrointestinal, metabolic and body weight changes during treatment with lithium. In: Bauer M, Grof P, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, editors. Lithium in psychiatry. The comprehensive guide. London: CRC Press; 2013. p. 283–94.