Centers for disease control and prevention (CDC). Post-COVID Conditions: Information for Healthcare Providers. :https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-care/post-covid-conditions.html.

Soriano JB, Murthy S, Marshall JC, Relan P, Diaz JV (2022) WHO clinical case definition working group on post-COVID-19 condition. a clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus. Lancet Infect Dis 22(4):e102-7

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Montani D, Savale L, Noel N, Meyrignac O, Colle R, Gasnier M et al (2022) Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Eur Respir Rev Off J Eur Respir Soc 31(163):210185

Article  Google Scholar 

Carfì A, Bernabei R, Landi F (2020) Gemelli against COVID-19 Post-acute care study group. persistent symptoms in patients after acute COVID-19. JAMA 324(6):603–5

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xiong Q, Xu M, Li J, Liu Y, Zhang J, Xu Y et al (2021) Clinical sequelae of COVID-19 survivors in Wuhan, China: a single-centre longitudinal study. Clin Microbiol Infect Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 27(1):89–95

CAS  Google Scholar 

Ballering AV, van Zon SKR, Olde Hartman TC, Rosmalen JGM (2022) Lifelines corona research initiative persistence of somatic symptoms after COVID-19 in the Netherlands: an observational cohort study. Lancet Lond Engl 400(10350):452–61

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Huang L, Yao Q, Gu X, Wang Q, Ren L, Wang Y et al (2021) 1-year outcomes in hospital survivors with COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Lond Engl 398(10302):747–758

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Huang L, Li X, Gu X, Zhang H, Ren L, Guo L et al (2022) Health outcomes in people 2 years after surviving hospitalisation with COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 10(9):863–876

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Global Burden of Disease Long COVID Collaborators, Wulf Hanson S, Abbafati C, Aerts JG, Al-Aly Z, Ashbaugh C et al (2022) Estimated global proportions of individuals with persistent fatigue, cognitive, and respiratory symptom clusters following symptomatic COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021. JAMA 328(16):1604–1615

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mateu L, Tebe C, Loste C, Santos JR, Lladós G, López C, et al. Determinants of the Onset and Prognosis of the Post-COVID-19 Condition: A 2-Year Prospective Cohort Study [Internet]. SSRN; 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2023, from https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4505315

Yang C, Zhao H, Espín E, Tebbutt SJ (2023) Association of SARS-CoV-2 infection and persistence with long COVID. Lancet Respir Med. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(23)00142-X

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Swank Z, Senussi Y, Manickas-Hill Z, Yu XG, Li JZ, Alter G et al (2023) Persistent Circulating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike is associated with post-acute coronavirus disease 2019 sequelae. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am 76(3):e487–e490

Article  Google Scholar 

Patel MA, Knauer MJ, Nicholson M, Daley M, Van Nynatten LR, Cepinskas G et al (2023) Organ and cell-specific biomarkers of Long-COVID identified with targeted proteomics and machine learning. Mol Med 29(1):26

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gyöngyösi M, Alcaide P, Asselbergs FW, Brundel BJJM, Camici GG, da Costa Martins P et al (2023) Long COVID and the cardiovascular system-elucidating causes and cellular mechanisms in order to develop targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies: a joint Scientific Statement of the ESC Working Groups on cellular biology of the heart and myocardial and pericardial diseases. Cardiovasc Res 119(2):336–56

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chioh FW, Fong SW, Young BE, Wu KX, Siau A, Krishnan S et al (2021) Convalescent COVID-19 patients are susceptible to endothelial dysfunction due to persistent immune activation. eLife 10:e64909

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ackermann M, Verleden SE, Kuehnel M, Haverich A, Welte T, Laenger F et al (2020) Pulmonary vascular endothelialitis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis in Covid-19. N Engl J Med 383(2):120–128

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Smadja DM, Mentzer SJ, Fontenay M, Laffan MA, Ackermann M, Helms J et al (2021) COVID-19 is a systemic vascular hemopathy: insight for mechanistic and clinical aspects. Angiogenesis 24(4):755–788

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Philippe A, Chocron R, Gendron N, Bory O, Beauvais A, Peron N et al (2021) Circulating Von Willebrand factor and high molecular weight multimers as markers of endothelial injury predict COVID-19 in-hospital mortality. Angiogenesis 24(3):505–517

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Werlein C, Ackermann M, Stark H, Shah HR, Tzankov A, Haslbauer JD et al (2022) Inflammation and vascular remodeling in COVID-19 hearts. Angiogenesis 12:1–16

Google Scholar 

Smadja DM, Philippe A, Bory O, Gendron N, Beauvais A, Gruest M et al (2021) Placental growth factor level in plasma predicts COVID-19 severity and in-hospital mortality. J Thromb Haemost JTH 19(7):1823–1830

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Faconti L, Farukh B, McNally RJ, Brett S, Chowienczyk PJ (2023) Impaired β2-adrenergic endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients previously hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019. J Hypertens. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000003420

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fogarty H, Townsend L, Morrin H, Ahmad A, Comerford C, Karampini E et al (2021) Persistent endotheliopathy in the pathogenesis of long COVID syndrome. J Thromb Haemost JTH 19(10):2546–2553

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fogarty H, Ward SE, Townsend L, Karampini E, Elliott S, Conlon N et al (2022) Sustained VWF-ADAMTS-13 axis imbalance and endotheliopathy in long COVID syndrome is related to immune dysfunction. J Thromb Haemost 20(10):2429–2438

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Quanjer PH, Stanojevic S, Cole TJ, Baur X, Hall GL, Culver BH et al (2012) Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3–95-yr age range: the global lung function 2012 equations. Eur Respir J 40(6):1324–1343

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stanojevic S, Graham BL, Cooper BG, Thompson BR, Carter KW, Francis RW et al (2017) Official ERS technical standards: global lung function initiative reference values for the carbon monoxide transfer factor for Caucasians. Eur Respir J 50(3):1700010

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

ATS Committee on Proficiency Standards for Clinical Pulmonary Function Laboratories. ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Jul 1; 166(1):111–7

Enright PL, Sherrill DL (1998) Reference equations for the six-minute walk in healthy adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158(5 Pt 1):1384–1387

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bernheim A, Mei X, Huang M, Yang Y, Fayad ZA, Zhang N et al (2020) Chest CT findings in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): relationship to duration of infection. Radiology 295(3):200463

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, Dong C, Hu Y, Li C, Ren Q, Zhang X et al (2020) Temporal changes of CT findings in 90 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: a longitudinal study. Radiology 296(2):E55-64

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guerin CL, Guyonnet L, Goudot G, Revets D, Konstantinou M, Chipont A et al (2021) Multidimensional proteomic approach of endothelial progenitors demonstrate expression of KDR restricted to CD19 Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 17(2):639–651

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dudley AC, Griffioen AW (2023) Pathological angiogenesis: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Angiogenesis 15:1–35

Google Scholar 

Ackermann M, Kamp JC, Werlein C, Walsh CL, Stark H, Prade V et al (2022) The fatal trajectory of pulmonary COVID-19 is driven by lobular ischemia and fibrotic remodelling. EBioMedicine 4(85):104296

Article  Google Scholar 

Kamp JC, Werlein C, Plucinski EKJ, Neubert L, Welte T, Lee PD et al (2023) Novel insight into pulmonary fibrosis and long COVID. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 207(8):1105–1107

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Barratt S, Medford AR, Millar AB (2014) Vascular endothelial growth factor in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respir Int Rev Thorac Dis 87(4):329–342

CAS  Google Scholar 

Miao H, Qiu F, Zhu L, Jiang B, Yuan Y, Huang B et al (2021) Novel angiogenesis strategy to ameliorate pulmonary hypertension. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 161(6):e417–e434

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eddahibi S, Humbert M, Sediame S, Chouaid C, Partovian C, Maître B et al (2000) Imbalance between platelet vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor in pulmonary hypertension. effect of prostacyclin therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162:1493–9

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Christou H, Yoshida A, Arthur V, Morita T, Kourembanas S (1998) Increased vascular endothelial growth factor production in the lungs of rats with hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 18(6):768–776

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smadja DM, Gaussem P, Mauge L, Israël-Biet D, Dignat-George F, Peyrard S et al (2009) Circulating endothelial cells: a new candidate biomarker of irreversible pulmonary hypertension secondary to congenital heart disease. Circulation 119(3):374–381

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Godinas L, Guignabert C, Seferian A, Perros F, Bergot E, Sibille Y et al (2013) Tyrosine kinase inhibitors in pulmonary arterial hypertension: a double-edge sword? Semin Respir Crit Care Med 34(5):714–724

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Papaioannou AI, Kostikas K, Kollia P, Gourgoulianis KI (2006) Clinical implications for vascular endothelial growth factor in the lung: friend or foe? Respir Res 7(1):128

Article  PubMed