Daniel Maier (DM) received speaker honoraria from Free University of Berlin. Jörg Janne Vehreschild (JJV) has personal fees from Merck/MSD, Gilead, Pfizer, Astellas Pharma, Basilea, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), University Hospital Freiburg/Congress and Communication, Academy for Infectious Medicine, University Manchester, German Society for Infectious Diseases (DGI), Ärztekammer Nordrhein, University Hospital Aachen, Back Bay Strategies, German Society for Internal Medicine (DGIM), Shionogi, Molecular Health, Netzwerk Universitätsmedizin, Janssen, NordForsk, and grants from Merck/MSD, Gilead, Pfizer, Astellas Pharma, Basilea, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Deutsches Zetrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), University of Bristol, Rigshospitalet Copenhagen. Viktor Grünwald (VG) received honoraria for consulting and appraisal work from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Novartis, MSD Oncology, Ipsen, Janssen-Cilag, Onkowissen, CORE2ED, Eisai, and Debiopharm. VG owns stocks or options of MSD, Bristol-Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Seagen, and Genmab. VG has personal fees from from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Novartis, Ipsen, Eisai, MSD Oncology, Merck Serono, Roche, AstraZeneca, EUSAPharm, Janssen-Cilag, AAA/Novartis, Apogepha, Nanobiotix, ClinSol and Ono Pharmaceutical. VG received funding for scientific research from Novartis, Amgen, MSD Oncology, BMS, Seattle Genetics and Ipsen. He also has non-financial connections to Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer and AstraZeneca. Boris Hadaschik (BH) has had advisory roles for ABX, AAA/Novartis, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen R&D, Lightpoint Medical, Inc., and Pfizer; BH received research funding from Astellas, Bristol Myers Squibb, AAA/Novartis, German Research Foundation, Janssen R&D, and Pfizer; and has received compensation for travel from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer and Janssen R&D. Susanne Singer (SS) received honoraria from Lilly, Eisei and Pfizer; she received funding for scientific research from the German Cancer Aid, G-BA, EORTC, and the EU. SS conducted unpaid consulting and appraisal work for the University Hospital Hamburg (CAYA Study) and is a member of the scientific advisory board for patient associations (head and neck cancer, thyroid cancer; unpaid). Martin Stuschke (MSt) received honoraria for consulting and appraisal work from AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Sanofi-Aventis, Janssen-Cilag, and AOK Rheinland/Hamburg. MSt has personal fees from Medupdate and received funding for scientific research from AstraZeneca. Kristina Ihrig (KI) received honoraria from the German Cancer Consortium. Martin Schuler (MSc) received payment for consulting and appraisal work from Amgen, AstraZeneca, BIOCAD, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, BMS, GSK. MSc has personal fees from Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Janssen and Novartis. He received funding for scientific research from AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers-Squibb and has personal fees from BIOCAD, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Novartis. Thomas Oellerich (TO) received payment for consulting and appraisal work from Roche and Merck KGaA. TO holds patent, copyright or licensing rights with the Max-Planck-Institute and the Goethe University Frankfurt. TO received funding for scientific research from Gilead and Merck KGaA. Anna L. Illert (ALI) received honoraria for consulting and appraisal work from AbbVie, Janssen-Cilag and Takeda. She has personal fees from Roche, AstraZeneca, Ars Tempi and Takeda; ALI received funding for scientific research from German Cancer Aid. ALI has personal fees from Roche, AstraZeneca, Janssen-Cilag, and Takeda. Wilko Weichert (WW) received honoraria from Roche, MSD, BMS, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Merck, Lilly, Boehringer, Novartis, Takeda, Bayer, Janssen, Amgen, Astellas, Illumina, Eisai, Siemens, Agilent, ADC, GSK, and Molecular Health. WW received funding for scientific research from Roche, MSD, BMS, AstraZeneca. Michael von Bergwelt-Baildon (MBB) received payment for consulting and appraisal work from AMGEN, MSD Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Roche, KITE/Gilead, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Astellas, Mologen and Miltenyi. He has personal fees from AMGEN, MSD Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Roche, KITE/Gilead, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Astellas, Mologen and Miltenyi. MBB received funding for scientific research from AMGEN, MSD Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Roche, KITE/Gilead, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Astellas, Mologen and Miltenyi. MBB has financial connections to AMGEN, MSD Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Roche, KITE/Gilead, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Astellas, Mologen and Miltenyi. Michael Bitzer (MB) received honoraria for consulting and appraisal work from Roche Pharma AG, Incyte Biosciences Germany GmbH, Bayer Vital GmbH, Bristol-Myers Squibb GmbH & Co KgaA and MSD Sharp & Dome GmbH. MB has personal fees from MSD Sharp & Dome GmbH. Melanie Janning (MJ) received honoraria for consulting and appraisal work from Roche, Boehringer, Amgen, AstraZeneca and Novartis. MJ has personal fees from Roche, Boehringer, Amgen, AstraZeneca and Novartis. MJ received funding for scientific research from the Margarete Clemens Foundation, the Hector Foundation II and Landesforschungsförderung Hamburg. Sonja Loges (SL) received honoraria for consulting and appraisal work from BerGenBio, BMS, Roche Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Medac GmbH, Sanofi, Novartis, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Takeda, Amgen, Bayer, Janssen and Merck. She has personal fees from BerGenBio, BMS, Roche Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Medac GmbH, Sanofi, Novartis, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Takeda, Amgen, Bayer, Janssen and Merck. SL received funding for scientific research from European Union (ERC), the German Research Foundation (DFG), the German Cancer Aid, the Margarete Clemens Foundation, the Hector Foundation II and Landesforschungsförderung Hamburg. Eugen Tausch (ET) received payment for consulting and appraisal work from Abbvie, BeiGene, Jannsen-Cilag and Roche. He received honoraria from Abbvie, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Jannsen and Roche. ET received funding for scientific research from Abbvie, Gilead and Roche. He has financial connections to Abbvie and Jannsen-Cilag. Michael Neumann (MN) received honoraria from BBMRI-ERIC. Hubert Serve (HS) received honoraria for consulting from Novartis, Gilead and Abbvie, and research funding from Merck KGaA.

The cohort profile relies on retrospective, aggregated, non-personal patient data obtained for clinical purposes. Therefore, law requires neither ethics vote nor informed consent. An approval of the project was given by ten participating centers (ethics committees of seven centers independently approved the project, three more centers accepted the initial vote).