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Over the last 100 years, Optometry and Vision Science has published more than 12,000 individual articles comprising original investigations, case reports, topical reviews, clinical trials, systematic reviews, editorials, and more. Of all these articles, which have had the greatest influence on the field? Which articles have shaped our thinking, advanced clinical practice, and led to improvements in public health? There is no single article that stands alone above them all. The articles with lasting impact have contributed in numerous and sometimes very different ways. Nevertheless, in reflecting on the many outstanding articles that have shaped our field over the past 100 years, there are some publications with unquestionable value that are worthy of honorable mention. In this editorial, I will spotlight some of the classics and some newcomers that promise to have lasting scientific impact.
A qualitative collection of keywords from the most influential articles published in Optometry and Vision Science over the past 100 years is given in the word cloud (Fig. 1). In this figure, the size of each word is proportional to the frequency used as an indexing keyword. Although this is a qualitative way of representing common themes, it does provide some insight into the topics of interest to the readers and investigators publishing in Optometry and Vision Science.
FIGURE 1: Frequency word count of most common article indexing keywords from the top 25 articles with greatest scientific citations published in Optometry and Vision Science between 1923 and 2023. Word size is proportional to word frequency.
One of the ways that impact and influence are measured in the world of scientific publishing is by counting the number of citations to published articles. By this metric, the articles published in Optometry and Vision Science have been cited hundreds of thousands of times over the past century. Using total citations as the surrogate metric for scientific impact, the top 25 articles are listed in Table 1.
TABLE 1 - Top 25 most cited articles in Optometry and Vision Science 1923 to 20231–25 Rank Title Authors Year Citations 1 New Design Principles for Visual Acuity Letter Charts Bailey IL, Lovie JE 1976 1157 2 Power Vectors: An Application of Fourier Analysis to the Description and Statistical Analysis of Refractive Error Thibos LN, Wheeler W, Horner D 1997 882 3 The Freiburg Visual Acuity Test—Automatic Measurement of Visual Acuity Bach M 1996 725 4 Importance of the Lipid Layer in Human Tear Film Stability and Evaporation Craig JP, Tomlinson A 1997 400 5 Epidemiologic Study of Ocular Refraction among Schoolchildren in Taiwan in 1995 Lin LL, Shih YF, Tsai CB, et al. 1999 374 6 The Impact of Contact Angle on the Biocompatibility of Biomaterials Menzies KL, Jones L 2010 352 7 Visual Requirements for Reading Whittaker SG, Lovie-Kitchin J 1993 323 8 Does Education Explain Ethnic Eifferences in Myopia Prevalence? A Population-based Study of Young Adult Males in Singapore Wu HM, Seet B, Yap EP, et al. 2001 290 9 Repeatability and Reproducibility of Central Corneal Thickness Measurement with Pentacam, Orbscan, and Ultrasound Lackner B, Schmidinger G, Pieh S, et al. 2005 287 10 Psychophysics of Reading. VIII. The Minnesota Low-vision Reading Test Legge GE, Ross JA, Luebker A, Lamay JM 1989 281 11 The Development, Assessment, and Selection of Questionnaires Pesudovs K, Burr JM, Harley C, Elliott DB 2007 275 12 A New Contrast Sensitivity Vision Test Chart Ginsburg AP 1984 269 13 A Patient Questionnaire Approach to Estimating the Prevalence of Dry Eye Symptoms in Patients Presenting to Optometric Practices across Canada Doughty MJ, Fonn D, Richter D, et al. 1997 268 14 Seeing into Old Age: Vision Function beyond Acuity Haegerstrom-Portnoy G, Schneck ME, Brabyn JA 1999 266 15 Visual Factors and Orientation-mobility Performance Marron JA, Bailey IL 1982 266 16 Visual Impairment and Disability in Older Adults Rubin GS, Roche KB, Prasada-Rao P, Fried LP 1994 247 17 Corneal Response to Orthokeratology Swarbrick HA, Wong G, O'Leary DJ 1998 243 18 Overnight Orthokeratology Nichols JJ, Marsich MM, Nguyen M, et al. 2000 241 19 Clinical Applications of the Shack-Hartmann Aberrometer Thibos LN, Hong X 1999 238 20 The Design and Use of a New Near Vision Chart Bailey IL, Lovie JE 1980 237 21 Cumulative Meta-analysis of the Relationship between Useful Field of View and Driving Performance in Older Adults: Current and Future Implications Clay OJ, Wadley VG, Edwards JD, et al. 2005 235 22 CCLRU Standards for Success of Daily and Extended Wear Contact Lenses Terry RL, Schnider CM, Holden BA, et al. 1993 228 23 Is All Asthenopia the Same? Sheedy JE, Hayes J, Engle J 2003 222 24 Validity and Reliability of the Revised Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey in Children Aged 9 to 18 Years Borsting EJ, Rouse MW, Mitchell GL, et al. 2003 214 25 Corneal Deformation Measurement Using Scheimpflug Noncontact Tonometry Hon Y, Lam AK 2013 208If one were to sort the top cited articles based on when they were published, clearly, time favors the oldest articles that will have had more time to accumulate additional citations. There are additional tools devised to analyze citation metrics and scientific influence. iCite is a modern and sophisticated bibliometric tool for assessing collections of articles. It is publicly available and can be accessed from the National Library of Medicine.26 The website can generate several analyses for a portfolio of articles provided by the user. The metrics generated can summarize scientific impact and additional measures related to translational influence.27,28
If the top 2000 most cited articles are submitted to iCite for analysis, several additional recent articles (8 newer publications) are identified among the top 25 most influential articles published in Optometry and Vision Science.29–36 This alternative bibliometric analysis adjusts the estimated scientific influence by two additional factors: time and field citation behaviors. Because some scientific fields cite more frequently than others (e.g., cell biology or genetics cite more frequently than optometry), the estimated scientific impact metric (Relative Citation Ratio [RCR]) for each article is adjusted to account for this factor and the age of the article. The top 25 articles with the greatest scientific influence are listed in Table 2. The additional newer articles that are not also included in Table 1 are shown in bold in Table 2.
TABLE 2 - Top 25 most influential scientific publications in Optometry and Vision Science29–36 Rank Title Authors Year Citations RCR NIH percentile 1 Power Vectors: An Application of Fourier Analysis to the Description and Statistical Analysis of Refractive Error Thibos LN, Wheeler W, Horner D 1997 827 37.5 99.9 2 A 3-year Randomized Clinical Trial of MiSight Lenses for Myopia Control Chamberlain P, Peixoto-de-Matos SC, Logan NS, et al. 2019 155 28.35 99.7 3 The Freiburg Visual Acuity Test—Automatic Measurement of Visual Acuity Bach M 1996 646 22.64 99.6 4 Importance of the Lipid Layer in Human Tear Film Stability and Evaporation Craig JP, Tomlinson A 1997 357 14.12 98.9 5 A New Contrast Sensitivity Vision Test Chart Ginsburg AP 1984 206 13.17 98.8 6 Psychophysics of Reading. VIII. The Minnesota Low-vision Reading Test Legge GE, Ross JA, Luebker A, LaMay JM 1989 232 12.75 98.7 7 Epidemiologic Study of Ocular Refraction among Schoolchildren in Taiwan in 1995 Lin LL, Shih YF, Tsai CB, et al. 1999 341 12.55 98.7 8 Visual Requirements for Reading Whittaker SG, Lovie-Kitchin J 1993 260 12.52 98.7 9 Clinical Evaluation of the Canon Autoref R-1 McBrien NA, Millodot M 1985 135 10.81 98.2 10 Corneal Deformation Measurement Using Scheimpflug Noncontact Tonometry Hon Y, Lam AK 2013 167 10.64 98.2 11 A Patient Questionnaire Approach to Estimating the Prevalence of Dry Eye Symptoms in Patients Presenting to Optometric Practices across Canada Doughty MJ, Fonn D, Richter D, et al. 1997 236 10.57 98.2 12 The Design and Use of a New Near-vision Chart Bailey IL, Lovie JE 1980 178 10.52 98.1 13 Myopia Control with Bifocal Contact Lenses: A Randomized Clinical Trial Aller TA, Liu M, Wildsoet CF 2016 116 10.48 98.1 14 Visual Factors and Orientation-mobility Performance Marron JA, Bailey IL 1982 206 10.41 98.1 15 Multifocal Contact Lens Myopia Control Walline JJ, Greiner KL, McVey ME, Jones-Jordan LA 2013 164 10.4 98.1 16 The Development, Assessment, and Selection of Questionnaires Pesudovs K, Burr JM, Harley C, Elliott DB 2007 258 10.15 98.0 17 Repeatability and Reproducibility of Central Corneal Thickness Measurement with Pentacam, Orbscan, and Ultrasound Lackner B, Schmidinger G, Pieh S, et al. 2005 250 10 98.0 18 Myopia Control: Why Each Diopter Matters Bullimore MA, Brennan NA 2019 57 9.63 97.8 19 CCLRU Standards for Success of Daily and Extended Wear Contact Lenses Terry RL, Schnider CM, Holden BA, et al. 1993 201 9.58 97.8 20 The Age-specific Prevalence of Myopia in Asia: A Meta-analysis Pan CW, Dirani M, Cheng CY, et al. 2015 137 9.29 97.7 21 Global Vision Impairment and Blindness Due to Uncorrected Refractive Error, 1990–2010 Naidoo KS, Leasher J, Bourne RR, et al. 2016 110 9.14 97.6 22 Visual Impairment and Disability in Older Adults Rubin GS, Roche KB, Prasada-Rao P, Fried LP 1994 191 9.13 97.6 23 Corneal Response to Orthokeratology. Swarbrick HA, Wong G, O'Leary DJ 1998 201 8.75 97.4 24 Visual Acuity Changes throughout Adulthood in Normal, Healthy Eyes: Seeing beyond 6/6 Elliott DB, Yang KC, Whitaker D 1995 206 8.63 97.4 25 Does Education Explain Ethnic Differences in Myopia Prevalence? A Population-based Study of Young Adult Males in Singapore Wu HM, Seet B, Yap EP, et al. 2001 255 8.37 97.2 Articles listed in bold type are not listed in the top 25 most cited articles (Table 1) but were ranked as high-influence publications when using the iCite metric: RCR. The RCR is a citation-based measure of scientific influence that is adjusted for field citation norms and time. National Institutes of Health percentile is the percentile ranking for the article compared with the body of National Institutes of Health-funded papers based on RCR (higher is better).It can be hard to say, with or without debate, which individual articles have had the greatest impact on the discipline of optometry and vision science. Nevertheless, these two tables give some idea of what our community values and has cited repeatedly over time. In addition, one can see themes arising from these influential articles as well from the titles and keywords shown in Fig. 1. This analysis exposes common themes related to refractive error, myopia, contact lenses, and public health. In addition, dry eye, optics, and assessment of basic visual functions are well represented. These collections of articles show not only the influence and impact of articles published in Optometry and Vision Science but also the key topics and how they have evolved over time.
Michael D. Twa, OD, PhD, FAAO
Editor in Chief Optometry and Vision Science University of Houston College of Optometry Houston, TX
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