Simone D, Al Mossawi MH, Bowness P (2018) Progress in our understanding of the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 57:vi4-vi9

Taurog JD, Chhabra A, Colbert RA (2016) Ankylosing spondylitis and axial spondyloarthritis. N Engl J Med 375:1303

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ward MM, Deodhar A, Gensler LS, Dubreuil M, Yu D, Khan MA et al (2019) 2019 Update of the American College of Rheumatology/Spondylitis Association of America/Spondyloarthritis Research and Treatment Network Recommendations for the Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis and Nonradiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 71:1599–1613

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Danve A, Deodhar A (2022) Treatment of axial spondyloarthritis: an update. Nat Rev Rheumatol 18:205–216

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moz S, Lorenzin M, Ramonda R, Aneloni V, La Raja M, Plebani M et al (2020) Emerging role of monocytes and their intracellular calcium pattern in spondyloarthritis. Clin Chim Acta 500:180–188

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jackson WD, Woollard KJ (2014) Targeting monocyte and macrophage subpopulations for immunotherapy: a patent review (2009–2013). Expert Opin Ther Pat 24:779–790

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Conrad K, Wu PH, Sieper J, Syrbe U (2015) In vivo pre-activation of monocytes in patients with axial spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 17

Karow F, Smiljanovic B, Grun JR, Poddubnyy D, Proft F, Talpin A et al (2021) Monocyte transcriptomes from patients with axial spondyloarthritis reveal dysregulated monocytopoiesis and a distinct inflammatory imprint. Arthritis Res Ther 23

Cortes A, Hadler J, Pointon JP, Robinson PC, Karaderi T, Leo P et al (2013) Identification of multiple risk variants for ankylosing spondylitis through high-density genotyping of immune-related loci. Nat Genet 45:730-+

Tosches MA, Yamawaki TM, Naumann RK, Jacobi AA, Tushev G, Laurent G (2018) Evolution of pallium, hippocampus, and cortical cell types revealed by single-cell transcriptomics in reptiles. Science 360:881–888

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Qi J, Sun H, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Xun Z, Li Z et al (2022) Single-cell and spatial analysis reveal interaction of FAP(+) fibroblasts and SPP1(+) macrophages in colorectal cancer. Nat Commun 13:1742

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zamarin D, Hamid O, Nayak-Kapoor A, Sahebjam S, Sznol M, Collaku A et al (2020) Mogamulizumab in combination with Durvalumab or Tremelimumab in patients with advanced solid tumors: a phase I study. Clin Cancer Res 26:4531–4541

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Reveille JD (2015) Biomarkers for diagnosis, monitoring of progression, and treatment responses in ankylosing spondylitis and axial spondyloarthritis. Clin Rheumatol 34:1009–1018

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sieper J, Braun J, Dougados M, Baeten D (2015) Axial spondyloarthritis Nat Rev Dis Primers 1:15013

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ermann J, Rao DA, Teslovich NC, Brenner MB, Raychaudhuri S (2015) Immune cell profiling to guide therapeutic decisions in rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 11:541–551

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Menegatti S, Bianchi E, Rogge L (2019) Anti-TNF therapy in spondyloarthritis and related diseases, impact on the immune system and prediction of treatment responses. Front Immunol 10:382

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Proost P, Struyf S, Loos T, Gouwy M, Schutyser E, Conings R et al (2006) Coexpression and interaction of CXCL10 and CD26 in mesenchymal cells by synergising inflammatory cytokines: CXCL8 and CXCL10 are discriminative markers for autoimmune arthropathies. Arthritis Res Ther 8:R107

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Haringman JJ, Ludikhuize J, Tak PP (2004) Chemokines in joint disease: the key to inflammation? Ann Rheum Dis 63:1186–1194

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jiang Q, Yang G, Liu Q, Wang S, Cui D (2021) Function and role of regulatory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 12:626193

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen J, Huang F, Hou Y, Lin X, Liang R, Hu X et al (2021) TGF-beta-induced CD4+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cell-derived extracellular vesicles modulate Notch1 signaling through miR-449a and prevent collagen-induced arthritis in a murine model. Cell Mol Immunol 18:2516–2529

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Miao J, Zhu P (2018) Functional defects of Treg cells: new targets in rheumatic diseases, including ankylosing spondylitis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 20:30

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pesenacker AM, Broady R, Levings MK (2015) Control of tissue-localized immune responses by human regulatory T cells. Eur J Immunol 45:333–343

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dominguez-Villar M, Hafler DA (2018) Regulatory T cells in autoimmune disease. Nat Immunol 19:665–673

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dulic S, Vasarhelyi Z, Bajnok A, Szalay B, Toldi G, Kovacs L et al (2018) The impact of anti-TNF therapy on CD4+ and CD8+ cell subsets in ankylosing spondylitis. Pathobiology 85:201–210

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Kleer IM, Wedderburn LR, Taams LS, Patel A, Varsani H, Klein M et al (2004) CD4+CD25bright regulatory T cells actively regulate inflammation in the joints of patients with the remitting form of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Immunol 172:6435–6443

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moradi B, Schnatzer P, Hagmann S, Rosshirt N, Gotterbarm T, Kretzer JP et al (2014) CD4(+)CD25(+)/highCD127low/(-) regulatory T cells are enriched in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis joints–analysis of frequency and phenotype in synovial membrane, synovial fluid and peripheral blood. Arthritis Res Ther 16:R97

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Haufe S, Haug M, Schepp C, Kuemmerle-Deschner J, Hansmann S, Rieber N et al (2011) Impaired suppression of synovial fluid CD4+CD25- T cells from patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis by CD4+CD25+ Treg cells. Arthritis Rheum 63:3153–3162

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kruithof E, De Rycke L, Vandooren B, De Keyser F, FitzGerald O, McInnes I et al (2006) Identification of synovial biomarkers of response to experimental treatment in early-phase clinical trials in spondylarthritis. Arthritis Rheum-Us 54:1795–1804

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Oktayoglu P, Bozkurt M, Mete N, Caglayan M, Em S, Nas K (2014) Elevated serum levels of calprotectin (myeloid-related protein 8/14) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and its association with disease activity and quality of life. J Invest Med 62:880–884

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Turina MC, Yeremenko N, Paramarta JE, De Rycke L, Baeten D (2014) Calprotectin (S100a8/9) as serum biomarker for clinical response in proof-of-concept trials in axial and peripheral spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 73:174-

Turina MC, Sieper J, Yeremenko N, Conrad K, Haibel H, Rudwaleit M et al (2014) Calprotectin serum level is an independent marker for radiographic spinal progression in axial spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 73:1746-+

Cypers H, Varkas G, Beeckman S, Debusschere K, Vogl T, Roth J et al (2016) Elevated calprotectin levels reveal bowel inflammation in spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 75:1357–1362

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ometto F, Friso L, Astorri D, Botsios C, Raffeiner B, Punzi L et al (2017) Calprotectin in rheumatic diseases. Exp Biol Med 242:859–873

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Vogl T, Tenbrock K, Ludwig S, Leukert N, Ehrhardt C, van Zoelen MAD et al (2007) Mrp8 and Mrp14 are endogenous activators of Toll-like receptor 4, promoting lethal, endotoxin-induced shock. Nat Med 13:1042–1049

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leclerc E, Fritz G, Vetter SW, Heizmann CW (2009) Binding of S100 proteins to RAGE: an update. Bba-Mol Cell Res 1793:993–1007

CAS  Google Scholar 

Pruenster M, Vogl T, Roth J, Sperandio M (2016) S100A8/A9: from basic science to clinical application. Pharmacol Therapeut 167:120–131

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sunahori K, Yamamura M, Yamana J, Takasugi K, Kawashima M, Yamamoto H et al (2006) The S100A8/A9 heterodimer amplifies proinflammatory cytokine production by macrophages via activation of nuclear factor kappa B and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 8

Ichikawa M, Williams R, Wang L, Vogl T, Srikrishna G (2011) S100A8/A9 activate key genes and pathways in colon tumor progression (vol 9, pg 133, 2011). Mol Cancer Res 9:1266-

Ma L, Sun P, Zhang JC, Zhang Q, Yao SL (2017) Proinflammatory effects of S100A8/A9 via TLR4 and RAGE signaling pathways in BV-2 microglial cells. Int J Mol Med 40:31–38

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar