From the ∗Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine

†Center for Research and Innovation in Systems Safety (CRISS), Vanderbilt University Medical Center

‡Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine

§Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee

∥Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado–Denver, Children’s Hospital of Colorado, Denver, Colorado

¶College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon

#Department of Public Affairs, Vanderbilt University Medical Center’s Office of News and Communications

∗∗Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Nashville, Tennessee.

Correspondence: Megan E. Salwei, PhD, 1211 21st Ave S, Medical Arts Bldg, Ste 732, Nashville, TN 37212-1212 (e-mail: [email protected]).

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The study was supported by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI, grant 1IP2PI0000072), by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and PCORI (K12HS026395), and by the National Library of Medicine Institutional Training Program in Biomedical Informatics and Data Science (T15LM007450-19). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of AHRQ, PCORI, or National Library of Medicine.

Supplemental digital contents are available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal’s Web site (www.journalpatientsafety.com).