Taubenberger JK, Reid AH, Krafft AE, Bijwaard KE, Fanning TG. Initial genetic characterization of the 1918 “Spanish” influenza virus. Science. 1997;275(5307):1793–6.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

WHO. August 16, 2022. WHO coronavirus dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/.

Rodrigues CMC, Plotkin SA. Impact of vaccines; health economic and social perspectives. Front Microbiol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01526.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ball P. The lightning-fast quest for COVID vaccines - and what it means for other diseases. Nature. 2021;589(7840):16–8.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Tahaghoghi-Hajghorbani S, Zafari P, Masoumi E, Rajabinejad M, Jafari-Shakib R, Hasani B, et al. The role of dysregulated immune responses in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Virus Res. 2020;290:198197–198197.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Zollner A, Koch R, Jukic A, Pfister A, Meyer M, Rössler A, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 is characterized by gut viral antigen persistence in inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2022.04.037.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ledford H. Coronavirus ‘ghosts’ found lingering in the gut. Nature. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-01280-3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Corbett KS, Edwards DK, Leist SR, Abiona OM, Boyoglu-Barnum S, Gillespie RA, et al. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine design enabled by prototype pathogen preparedness. Nature. 2020;586(7830):567–71.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Lurie N, Saville M, Hatchett R, Halton J. Developing Covid-19 vaccines at pandemic speed. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(21):1969–73.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Kelley B. Developing therapeutic monoclonal antibodies at pandemic pace. Nat Biotechnol. 2020;38(5):540–5.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Shi R, Shan C, Duan X, Chen Z, Liu P, Song J, et al. A human neutralizing antibody targets the receptor-binding site of SARS-CoV-2. Nature. 2020;584(7819):120–4.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Jones BE, Brown-Augsburger PL, Corbett KS, Westendorf K, Davies J, Cujec TP, et al. The neutralizing antibody, LY-CoV555, protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection in nonhuman primates. Sci Transl Med. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abf1906.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hansen J, Baum A, Pascal KE, Russo V, Giordano S, Wloga E, et al. Studies in humanized mice and convalescent humans yield a SARS-CoV-2 antibody cocktail. Science. 2020;369(6506):1010–4.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Baum A, Fulton BO, Wloga E, Copin R, Pascal KE, Russo V, et al. Antibody cocktail to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein prevents rapid mutational escape seen with individual antibodies. Science. 2020;369(6506):1014–8.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Baum A, Ajithdoss D, Copin R, Zhou A, Lanza K, Negron N, et al. REGN-COV2 antibodies prevent and treat SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques and hamsters. Science. 2020;370(6520):1110–5.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Weinreich DM, Sivapalasingam S, Norton T, Ali S, Gao H, Bhore R, et al. REGN-COV2, a neutralizing antibody cocktail, in outpatients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(3):238–51.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Breman JG. Smallpox. J Infect Dis. 2021;224(12 Suppl 2):S379–86.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Forman R, Shah S, Jeurissen P, Jit M, Mossialos E. COVID-19 vaccine challenges: What have we learned so far and what remains to be done? Health Policy. 2021;125(5):553–67.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Almansour I. Mumps vaccines: current challenges and future prospects. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:1999–1999.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

WHO. September 6, 2022. COVID-19 vaccine tracker and landscape. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines.

Savina K, Sreekumar R, Soonu VK, Variyar EJ. Various vaccine platforms in the field of COVID-19. BJBAS. 2022;11(1):35.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang J, Zeng H, Gu J, Li H, Zheng L, Zou Q. Progress and prospects on vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines. 2020;8(2):153.

CAS  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Parums DV. Editorial: first approval of the protein-based adjuvanted nuvaxovid (NVX-CoV2373) novavax vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 could increase vaccine uptake and provide immune protection from viral variants. Med Sci Monitor. 2022;28:e936523–e936523.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Hsieh SM, Liu MC, Chen YH, Lee WS, Hwang SJ, Cheng SH, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of CpG 1018 and aluminium hydroxide-adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 S-2P protein vaccine MVC-COV1901: interim results of a large-scale, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial in Taiwan. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9(12):1396–406.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Liu LT-C, Chiu C-H, Chiu N-C, Tan B-F, Lin C-Y, Cheng H-Y, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine MVC-COV1901 in adolescents in Taiwan: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. MedRxiv. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.03.14.22272325v1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

WHO. December 31, 2020. WHO issues its first emergency use validation for a COVID-19 vaccine and emphasizes need for equitable global access. https://www.who.int/news/item/31-12-2020-who-issues-its-first-emergency-use-validation-for-a-covid-19-vaccine-and-emphasizes-need-for-equitable-global-access.

Ruffell D. The future in an RNA molecule: from mRNA vaccines to therapeutics—an interview with Drew Weissman. FEBS Lett. 2021;595(18):2305–9.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Rowe WP, Huebner RJ, Gilmore LK, Parrott RH, Ward TG. Isolation of a cytopathogenic agent from human adenoids undergoing spontaneous degeneration in tissue culture. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1953;84(3):570–3.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Kojaoghlanian T, Flomenberg P, Horwitz MS. The impact of adenovirus infection on the immunocompromised host. Rev Med Virol. 2003;13(3):155–71.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Lemarchand P, Jaffe HA, Danel C, Cid MC, Kleinman HK, Stratford-Perricaudet LD, et al. Adenovirus-mediated transfer of a recombinant human alpha 1-antitrypsin cDNA to human endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992;89(14):6482–6.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Crystal RG, McElvaney NG, Rosenfeld MA, Chu CS, Mastrangeli A, Hay JG, et al. Administration of an adenovirus containing the human CFTR cDNA to the respiratory tract of individuals with cystic fibrosis. Nat Genet. 1994;8(1):42–51.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Shirley JL, de Jong YP, Terhorst C, Herzog RW. Immune responses to viral gene therapy vectors. Mol Ther. 2020;28(3):709–22.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Wu S, Zhong G, Zhang J, Shuai L, Zhang Z, Wen Z, et al. A single dose of an adenovirus-vectored vaccine provides protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):4081.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Zhu F-C, Li Y-H, Guan X-H, Hou L-H, Wang W-J, Li J-X, et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine: a dose-escalation, open-label, non-randomised, first-in-human trial. Lancet. 2020;395(10240):1845–54.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Zhu F-C, Guan X-H, Li Y-H, Huang J-Y, Jiang T, Hou L-H, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2020;396(10249):479–88.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Halperin SA, Ye L, MacKinnon-Cameron D, Smith B, Cahn PE, Ruiz-Palacios GM, et al. Final efficacy analysis, interim safety analysis, and immunogenicity of a single dose of recombinant novel coronavirus vaccine (adenovirus type 5 vector) in adults 18 years and older: an international, multicentre, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2022;399(10321):237–48.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Zak DE, Andersen-Nissen E, Peterson ER, Sato A, Hamilton MK, Borgerding J, et al. Merck Ad5/HIV induces broad innate immune activation that predicts CD8(+) T-cell responses but is attenuated by preexisting Ad5 immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(50):E3503-3512.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Ledgerwood JE, Costner P, Desai N, Holman L, Enama ME, Yamshchikov G, et al. A replication defective recombinant Ad5 vaccine expressing Ebola virus GP is safe and immunogenic in healthy adults. Vaccine. 2010;29(2):304–13.

CAS  PubMed  Article