Hemmings HC, Egan TD (2019) Pharmacology and physiology for anesthesia: foundations and clinical application. Second edition. ed., Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, Inc.
Lumb AB, Horner D (2013) Chapter 25—Pulmonary physiology. In Pharmacology and Physiology for anesthesia, Eds. Hemmings HC, Egan TD. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, pp 445–457.
Levitzky MG (2018) Pulmonary physiology. Ninth edition. ed., New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
Nitsure M, Sarangi B, Shankar GH et al (2020) Mechanisms of hypoxia in COVID-19 patients: a pathophysiologic reflection. Indian J Crit Care Med 24:967–970
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Sarkar M, Niranjan N, Banyal PK (2017) Mechanisms of hypoxemia Lung India 34:47–60
Petersson J, Glenny RW (2014) Gas exchange and ventilation-perfusion relationships in the lung. Eur Respir J 44:1023–1041
Abourida Y, Rebahi H, Chichou H et al (2020) What open-lung biopsy teaches us about ARDS in COVID-19 patients: mechanisms, pathology, and therapeutic implications. Biomed Res Int 2020:2909673
PubMed PubMed Central Article CAS Google Scholar
Hanley B, Naresh KN, Roufosse C et al (2020) Histopathological findings and viral tropism in UK patients with severe fatal COVID-19: a post-mortem study. Lancet Microbe 1:e245–e253
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Iba T, Levy JH, Levi M, Thachil J (2020) Coagulopathy in COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost 18:2103–2109
CAS PubMed Article Google Scholar
Yap JKY, Moriyama M, Iwasaki A (2020) Inflammasomes and pyroptosis as therapeutic targets for COVID-19. J Immunol 205:307–312
CAS PubMed Article Google Scholar
Lang M, Som A, Mendoza DP et al (2020) Hypoxaemia related to COVID-19: vascular and perfusion abnormalities on dual-energy CT. Lancet Infect Dis 20:1365–1366
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Dhawan RT, Gopalan D, Howard L et al (2021) Beyond the clot: perfusion imaging of the pulmonary vasculature after COVID-19. Lancet Respir Med 9:107–116
CAS PubMed Article Google Scholar
Lu X, Gong W, Peng Z, Zeng F, Liu F (2020) High resolution CT imaging dynamic follow-up study of novel coronavirus pneumonia. Front Med (Lausanne) 7:168
Fu Y, Zou R, Wang S et al (2020) Monitoring bronchoalveolar lavage with electrical impedance tomography: first experience in a patient with COVID-19. Physiol Meas 41:085008
Mazzolini M, Monari M, Angeletti G, Dalpiaz G, Rocca A (2021) Fatal pulmonary fibrosis complicating COVID-19 infection in preexistent emphysema. Radiol Case Rep 16:361–363
Majidi H, Bani-Mostafavi ES, Mardanshahi Z et al (2020) High-resolution computed tomography finding in 552 patients with symptomatic COVID-19: first report from north of Iran. Emerg Radiol 27:633–639
PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Khaliq M, Raja R, Khan N, Hanif H (2020) An analysis of high-resolution computed tomography chest manifestations of COVID-19 patients in Pakistan. Cureus 12:e9373
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kakinuma R, Moriyama N, Muramatsu Y et al (2015) Ultra-high-resolution computed tomography of the lung: image quality of a prototype scanner. PLoS One 10:e0137165
PubMed PubMed Central Article CAS Google Scholar
Iwasawa T, Sato M, Yamaya T et al (2020) Ultra-high-resolution computed tomography can demonstrate alveolar collapse in novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia. Jpn J Radiol 38:394–398
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Thillai M, Patvardhan C, Swietlik EM, et al. (2020) Functional respiratory imaging identifies redistribution of pulmonary blood flow in patients with COVID-19. Thorax.
Lins M, Vandevenne J, Thillai M et al (2020) Assessment of small pulmonary blood vessels in COVID-19 patients using HRCT. Acad Radiol 27:1449–1455
PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Greenhalgh T, Knight M, A’Court C, Buxton M, Husain L (2020) Management of post-acute covid-19 in primary care. BMJ 370:m3026
Yuan R, Shuman WP, Earls JP et al (2012) Reduced iodine load at CT pulmonary angiography with dual-energy monochromatic imaging: comparison with standard CT pulmonary angiography—a prospective randomized trial. Radiology 262:290–297
Marsico S, Espallargas Gimenez I, Carbullanca Toledo SJ, Del Carpio Bellido LA, Maiques Llacer JM, Zuccarino F (2020) Pulmonary infarction secondary to pulmonary thromboembolism in COVID-19 diagnosed with dual-energy CT pulmonary angiography. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed) 73:672–674
Grillet F, Busse-Cote A, Calame P, Behr J, Delabrousse E, Aubry S (2020) COVID-19 pneumonia: microvascular disease revealed on pulmonary dual-energy computed tomography angiography. Quant Imaging Med Surg 10:1852–1862
PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Ganti S, Kok SSX, Aftab S, Halagatti SV, Wong SBS, Uppaluri AS (2021) Spectrum of lung perfusion changes on dual-energy CT in COVID-19: incremental benefit to conventional CT. Emerg Radiol.
von der Thusen JH, Ghariq E, Overbeek MJ et al (2020) Spectrum of vascular involvement in coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia-findings on CT perfusion. Crit Care Explor 2:e0266
PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Ierardi AM, Angileri SA, Arrichiello A et al (2020) Pulmonary embolism in COVID-19: ventilation and perfusion computed tomography. IDCases 21:e00805
PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Oudkerk M, Kuijpers D, Oudkerk SF, van Beek EJ (2020) The vascular nature of COVID-19. Br J Radiol 93:20200718
PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Verger A, Bahloul A, Melki S, Karcher G, Imbert L, Marie PY (2020) Tracheobronchitis signs observed on ventilation lung scintigraphy during the course of COVID-19 infection. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 47:2709–2710
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Cobes N, Guernou M, Lussato D et al (2020) Ventilation/perfusion SPECT/CT findings in different lung lesions associated with COVID-19: a case series. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 47:2453–2460
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Das JP, Yeh R, Schoder H (2020) Clinical utility of perfusion (Q)-single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT for diagnosing pulmonary embolus (PE) in COVID-19 patients with a moderate to high pre-test probability of PE. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging.
Sciagra R, Rubino F, Malandrino D, Bernardeschi N, Pignone AM, Berni A (2020) Are disease-related pulmonary perfusion abnormalities detectable in COVID-19 patients? Suspicious findings in a lung perfusion SPECT performed for ruling out classical pulmonary embolism. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 47:2211–2213
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Bajc M, Schumichen C, Gruning T et al (2019) EANM guideline for ventilation/perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) for diagnosis of pulmonary embolism and beyond. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 46:2429–2451
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Voo S, Dizdarevic S (2020) Single photon emission computed tomography lung perfusion imaging during the COVID-19 pandemic: does nuclear medicine need to reconsider its guidelines? Nucl Med Commun 41:991–993
PubMed Article CAS Google Scholar
Mahaletchumy T, Muhamad M, Mohammad Kazmin NE, Kori N, Periyasamy P (2021) Pulmonary embolism in an asymptomatic COVID-19 patient detected on ventilation/perfusion SPECT/CT. Clin Nucl Med.
Burger IA, Niemann T, Patriki D, Fontana F, Beer JH (2020) Lung perfusion [(99m)Tc]-MAA SPECT/CT to rule out pulmonary embolism in COVID-19 patients with contraindications for iodine contrast. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 47:2209–2210
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Lu Y, Macapinlac HA (2020) Perfusion SPECT/CT to diagnose pulmonary embolism during COVID-19 pandemic. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 47:2064–2065
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Le Roux PY, Le Gal G, Salaun PY (2020) Lung scintigraphy for pulmonary embolism diagnosis during the COVID-19 pandemic: does the benefit-risk ratio really justify omitting the ventilation study? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 47:2499–2500
PubMed PubMed Central Article CAS Google Scholar
Tomicic V, Cornejo R (2019) Lung monitoring with electrical impedance tomography: technical considerations and clinical applications. J Thorac Dis 11:3122–3135
PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Holder D, Institute of Physics (Great Britain) (2005) Electrical impedance tomography: methods, history, and applications. Bristol ; Philadelphia: Institute of Physics Pub.
Borges JB, Suarez-Sipmann F, Bohm SH et al (1985) (2012) Regional lung perfusion estimated by electrical impedance tomography in a piglet model of lung collapse. J Appl Physiol 112:225–236
Bluth T, Kiss T, Kircher M et al (2019) Measurement of relative lung perfusion with electrical impedance and positron emission tomography: an experimental comparative study in pigs. Br J Anaesth 123:246–254
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Morais CCA, Safaee Fakhr B, De Santis Santiago RR et al (2021) Bedside electrical impedance tomography unveils respiratory “chimera” in COVID-19. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 203:120–121
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Article Google Scholar
Tomasino S, Sassanelli R, Marescalco C, Meroi F, Vetrugno L, Bove T (2020) Electrical impedance tomography and prone position during ventilation in COVID-19 pneumonia: case reports and a brief literature review. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 24:287–292
留言 (0)