Chen YP, Chan ATC, Le QT, Blanchard P, Sun Y, Ma J (2019) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Lancet 394:64–80

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li WF, Sun Y, Chen M et al (2012) Locoregional extension patterns of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and suggestions for clinical target volume delineation. Chin J Cancer 31:579–587

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tang LL, Chen WQ, Xue WQ et al (2016) Global trends in incidence and mortality of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Lett 374:22–30

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wei KR, Zheng RS, Zhang SW, Liang ZH, Ou ZX, Chen WQ (2014) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma incidence and mortality in China in 2010. Chin J Cancer 33:381–387

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

King AD, Vlantis AC, Bhatia KS et al (2011) Primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma: diagnostic accuracy of MR imaging versus that of endoscopy and endoscopic biopsy. Radiology 258:531–537

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yen TC, Chang YC, Chan SC et al (2005) Are dual-phase 18F-FDG PET scans necessary in nasopharyngeal carcinoma to assess the primary tumour and loco-regional nodes? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 32:541–548

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chua ML, Ong SC, Wee JT et al (2009) Comparison of 4 modalities for distant metastasis staging in endemic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Head Neck 31:346–354

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu FY, Chang JT, Wang HM et al (2006) [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography is more sensitive than skeletal scintigraphy for detecting bone metastasis in endemic nasopharyngeal carcinoma at initial staging. J Clin Oncol 24:599–604

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu FY, Lin CY, Chang JT et al (2007) 18F-FDG PET can replace conventional work-up in primary M staging of nonkeratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Nucl Med 48:1614–1619

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xiao BB, Chen QY, Sun XS et al (2021) Low value of whole-body dual-modality [18f]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in primary staging of stage I-II nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a nest case-control study. Eur Radiol 31:5222–5233

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ng SH, Chan SC, Yen TC et al (2009) Staging of untreated nasopharyngeal carcinoma with PET/CT: comparison with conventional imaging work-up. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 36:12–22

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen WS, Li JJ, Hong L, Xing ZB, Wang F, Li CQ (2016) Comparison of MRI, CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT in the diagnosis of local and metastatic of nasopharyngeal carcinomas: an updated meta analysis of clinical studies. Am J Transl Res 8:4532–4547

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Teicher BA, Fricker SP (2010) CXCL12 (SDF-1)/CXCR4 pathway in cancer. Clin Cancer Res 16:2927–2931

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Derlin T, Hueper K (2018) CXCR4-targeted therapy in breast cancer. Lancet Oncol 19:e370

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zong G, Han J, Yue Z, Liu Y, Cui Z, Shi L (2020) Downregulation of miR-204 facilitates the progression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by targeting CXCR4 through NF-kappaB signaling pathway. J BUON 25:1098–1104

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hadebe B, Sathekge MM, Aldous C, Vorster M (2022) Current status of (68)Ga-Pentixafor in solid tumours. Diagnostics (Basel) 12(9):2135

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ramachandran A, Krishnaraju VS, Kumar R, Shukla J, Laroya I (2022) Ga-68 chemokine Receptor-4 PET/CT imaging in Schminke type of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Indian J Nucl Med 37:284–285

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

van den Brekel MW, Stel HV, Castelijns JA et al (1990) Cervical lymph node metastasis: assessment of radiologic criteria. Radiology 177:379–384

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang GY, Liu LZ, Wei WH, Deng YM, Li YZ, Liu XW (2010) Radiologic criteria of retropharyngeal lymph node metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with radiation therapy. Radiology 255:605–612

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Buck AK, Haug A, Dreher N et al (2022) Imaging of C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 expression in 690 patients with solid or hematologic neoplasms using (68)Ga-Pentixafor PET. J Nucl Med 63:1687–1692

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dreher N, Hahner S, Fuss CT et al (2023) CXCR4-directed PET/CT with [(68) Ga]Ga-pentixafor in solid tumors-a comprehensive analysis of imaging findings and comparison with histopathology. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 51(5):1383–1394

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Watts A, Singh B, Singh H et al (2023) [(68)Ga]Ga-Pentixafor PET/CT imaging for in vivo CXCR4 receptor mapping in different lung cancer histologic sub-types: correlation with quantitative receptors’ density by immunochemistry techniques. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 50:1216–1227

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Werner RA, Kircher S, Higuchi T et al (2019) CXCR4-Directed imaging in solid tumors. Front Oncol 9:770

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhi Y, Werner RA, Schirbel A et al (2023) Diagnostic efficacy of C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4-directed PET/CT in newly diagnosed head and neck squamous cell carcinoma - a head-to-head comparison with [(18)F]FDG. Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 13:208–216

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Qin N, Zhang Y, Xu L, Liu W, Luo B (2022) Maintenance of Epstein-Barr virus latency through interaction of LMP2A with CXCR4. Arch Virol 167:1947–1959

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yen RF, Chen TH, Ting LL, Tzen KY, Pan MH, Hong RL (2005) Early restaging whole-body (18)F-FDG PET during induction chemotherapy predicts clinical outcome in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 32:1152–1159

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

King AD, Ma BB, Yau YY et al (2008) The impact of 18F-FDG PET/CT on assessment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma at diagnosis. Br J Radiol 81:291–298

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fischbein NJ, AAssar OS, Caputo GR et al (1998) Clinical utility of positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in detecting residual/recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 19:1189–1196

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tsai MC, Shu YC, Hsu CC et al (2016) False-positive finding of retropharyngeal lymph node recurrence in both fluorine (18)FDG PET and MRI in a patient with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Head Neck 38:E84-86

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bouter C, Meller B, Sahlmann CO et al (2018) (68)Ga-Pentixafor PET/CT imaging of chemokine receptor CXCR4 in chronic infection of the bone: first insights. J Nucl Med 59:320–326

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kircher M, Tran-Gia J, Kemmer L et al (2020) Imaging inflammation in atherosclerosis with CXCR4-Directed (68)Ga-Pentixafor PET/CT: correlation with (18)F-FDG PET/CT. J Nucl Med 61:751–756

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Derlin T, Jaeger B, Jonigk D et al (2021) Clinical molecular imaging of pulmonary CXCR4 expression to predict outcome of pirfenidone treatment in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 159:1094–1106

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lapa C, Hanscheid H, Kircher M et al (2019) Feasibility of CXCR4-Directed radioligand therapy in advanced diffuse large B-Cell Lymphoma. J Nucl Med 60:60–64

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lapa C, Herrmann K, Schirbel A et al (2017) CXCR4-directed endoradiotherapy induces high response rates in extramedullary relapsed Multiple Myeloma. Theranostics 7:1589–1597

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Habringer S, Lapa C, Herhaus P et al (2018) Dual targeting of acute leukemia and supporting niche by CXCR4-Directed theranostics. Theranostics 8:369–383

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar