Dube SR, Anda RF, Whitfield CL, Brown DW, Felitti VJ, Dong M, Giles WH. Long-term consequences of childhood sexual abuse by gender of victim. Am J Prev Med. 2005;28(5):430–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2005.01.015.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Laugharne J, Lillee A, Janca A. Role of psychological trauma in the cause and treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2010;23(1):25–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e3283345dc5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Copeland WE, Shanahan L, Hinesley J, et al. Association of childhood trauma exposure with adult psychiatric disorders and functional outcomes. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(7):e184493. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.449.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kuzminskaite E, Penninx BWJH, van Harmelen AL, Elzinga BM, Hovens JGFM, Vinkers CH. Childhood trauma in adult depressive and anxiety disorders: an integrated review on psychological and biological mechanisms in the NESDA cohort. J Affect Disord. 2021;283:179–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.054.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kendler KS, Kessler RC, Walters EE, MacLean C, Neale MC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ. Stressful life events, genetic liability, and onset of an episode of major depression in women. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152(6):833–42. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.152.6.833.

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hovens JG, Wiersma JE, Giltay EJ, van Oppen P, Spinhoven P, Penninx BW, Zitman FG. Childhood life events and childhood trauma in adult patients with depressive, anxiety and comorbid disorders vs controls. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2010;122(1):66–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01491.x.

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Williams LM, Debattista C, Duchemin AM, Schatzberg AF, Nemeroff CB. Childhood trauma predicts antidepressant response in adults with major depression: data from the randomized International Study to Predict Optimized Treatment for Depression. Transl Psychiatry. 2016;6(5):e799. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2016.61.

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bäuerle A, Teufel M, Musche V, et al. Increased generalized anxiety, depression and distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in Germany. J Public Health (Oxf). 2020;42(4):672–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa106.

Article  Google Scholar 

Czeisler MÉ, Lane RI, Petrosky E, et al. Mental health substance use and suicidal ideation during the COVID 19 pandemic—United States June 24-30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(32):1049–57. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6932a1.

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ettman CK, Abdalla SM, Cohen GH, Sampson L, Vivier PM, Galea S. Prevalence of depression symptoms in US adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(9):e2019686. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19686.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res. 2020;288:112954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954.

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Salari N, Hosseinian-Far A, Jalali R, et al. Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Glob Health. 2020;16(1):57. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00589-w.

Article  Google Scholar 

Dutheil F, Mondillon L, Navel V. PTSD as the second tsunami of the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic. Psychol Med. 2021;51(10):1773–4. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720001336.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fiorenzato E, Zabberoni S, Costa A, Cona G. Cognitive and mental health changes and their vulnerability factors related to COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. PLoS One. 2021;16(1):e0246204. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246204.

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Frontera JA, Yang D, Lewis A, et al. A prospective study of long-term outcomes among hospitalized COVID-19 patients with and without neurological complications. J Neurol Sci. 2021;426:117486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2021.117486.

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Niedzwiedz CL, Green MJ, Benzeval M, et al. Mental health and health behaviours before and during the initial phase of the COVID-19 lockdown: longitudinal analyses of the UK Household Longitudinal Study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2021;75(3):224–31. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-215060.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vanderlind WM, Rabinovitz BB, Miao IY, et al. A systematic review of neuropsychological and psychiatric sequelae of COVID-19: implications for treatment. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2021;34(4):420–33. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000713.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hao F, Tan W, Jiang L, et al. Do psychiatric patients experience more psychiatric symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown? A case-control study with service and research implications for immunopsychiatry. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:100–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.069.

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu CH, Stevens C, Conrad RC, Hahm HC. Evidence for elevated psychiatric distress, poor sleep, and quality of life concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic among U.S. young adults with suspected and reported psychiatric diagnoses. Psychiatry Res. 2020;292:113–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113345.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Wiersma JE, Hovens JG, van Oppen P, Giltay EJ, van Schaik DJ, Beekman AT, Penninx BW. The importance of childhood trauma and childhood life events for chronicity of depression in adults. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70(7):983–9. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.08m04521.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hovens JG, Giltay EJ, Wiersma JE, Spinhoven P, Penninx BW, Zitman FG. Impact of childhood life events and trauma on the course of depressive and anxiety disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2012;126(3):198–207. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01828.x.

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nanni V, Uher R, Danese A. Childhood maltreatment predicts unfavorable course of illness and treatment outcome in depression: a meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(2):141–51. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11020335.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nemeroff CB, Heim CM, Thase ME, et al. Differential responses to psychotherapy versus pharmacotherapy in patients with chronic forms of major depression and childhood trauma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100(24):14293–6. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2336126100.

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fuller-Thomson E, Baird SL, Dhrodia R, Brennenstuhl S. The association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and suicide attempts in a population-based study. Child Care Health Dev. 2016;42(5):725–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12351.

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goldberg X, Serra-Blasco M, Vicent-Gil M, et al. Childhood maltreatment and risk for suicide attempts in major depression: a sex-specific approach. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2019;10(1):1603557. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1603557.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Price J, Cole V, Goodwin GM. Emotional side-effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: qualitative study. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;195(3):211–7. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.051110.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Read J, Cartwright C, Gibson K. Adverse emotional and interpersonal effects reported by 1829 New Zealanders while taking antidepressants. Psychiatry Res. 2014;216(1):67–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.042.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goodwin GM, Price J, De Bodinat C, Laredo J. Emotional blunting with antidepressant treatments: a survey among depressed patients. J Affect Disord. 2017;221:31–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.05.048.

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Read J, Williams J. Adverse effects of antidepressants reported by a large international cohort: emotional blunting, suicidality, and withdrawal effects. Curr Drug Saf. 2018;13(3):176–86. https://doi.org/10.2174/1574886313666180605095130.

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

Book  Google Scholar 

Fan J, Liu W, Xia J, et al. Childhood trauma is associated with elevated anhedonia and altered core reward circuitry in major depression patients and controls. Hum Brain Mapp. 2021;42(2):286–97. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25222.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prigerson HG, Boelen PA, Xu J, Smith KV, Maciejewski PK. Validation of the new DSM-5-TR criteria for prolonged grief disorder and the PG-13-Revised (PG-13-R) scale. World Psychiatry. 2021;20(1):96–106. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20823.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Litz BT, Gray MJ. Emotional numbing in posttraumatic stress disorder: current and future research directions. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2002;36(2):198–204. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.01002.x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Malta LS, Wyka KE, Giosan C, Jayasinghe N, Difede J. Numbing symptoms as predictors of unremitting posttraumatic stress disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2009;23(2):223–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.07.004.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kerig PK, Bennett DC, Chaplo SD, Modrowski CA, McGee AB. Numbing of positive, negative, and general emotions: associations with trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress, and depressive symptoms among justice-involved youth. J Trauma Stress. 2016;29(2):111–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22087.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li G, Wang L, Cao C, et al. An item-based analysis of PTSD emotional numbing symptoms in disaster-exposed children and adolescents. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2020;48(10):1303–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00677-w.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Christensen MC, Ren H, Fagiolini A. Emotional bl