1. Ko, D, Rahman, F, Martins, MAPP, et al. Atrial fibrillation in women: treatment. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2017;14(2):113-124. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2016.171
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline2. Proietti, M, Cheli, P, Basili, S, Mazurek, M, Lip, GYH. Balancing thromboembolic and bleeding risk with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs): a systematic review and meta-analysis on gender differences. Pharmacol Res. 2017;117:274-282. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2017.01.004
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline3. Mosca, L, Barrett-Connor, E, Kass Wenger, N. Sex/gender differences in cardiovascular disease prevention. Circulation. 2011;124(19):2145-2154. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.968792
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI4. Regitz-Zagrosek, V, Oertelt-Prigione, S, Prescott, E, et al. Gender in cardiovascular diseases: impact on clinical manifestations, management, and outcomes. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(1):24-34. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv598
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline5. Law, SWY, Lau, WCY, Wong, ICK, et al. Sex-based differences in outcomes of oral anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(3):271-282. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.066
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline6. Pancholy, SB, Sharma, PS, Pancholy, DS, Patel, TM, Callans, DJ, Marchlinski, FE. Meta-analysis of gender differences in residual stroke risk and major bleeding in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation treated with oral anticoagulants. Am J Cardiol. 2014;113(3):485-490. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.10.035
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline7. Beyer-Westendorf, J . DOACS in women: pros and cons. Thromb Res. 2019;181(suppl 1):S19-S22. doi:10.1016/S0049-3848(19)30361-5
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline8. Raccah, BH, Perlman, A, Zwas, DR, et al. Gender differences in efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation: systematic review and network meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother. 2018;52(11):1135-1142. doi:10.1177/1060028018771264
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI9. Lip, GYH, Nieuwlaat, R, Pisters, R, Lane, DA, Crijns, HJGM. Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor-based approach. Chest. 2010;137(2):263-272. doi:10.1378/chest.09-1584
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI10. Williams, B, Mancia, G, Spiering, W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(33):3021-3104. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline11. Poli, D, Antonucci, E, Grifoni, E, Abbate, R, Gensini, GF, Prisco, D. Gender differences in stroke risk of atrial fibrillation patients on oral anticoagulant treatment. Thromb Haemost. 2009;101(5):938-942. doi:10.1160/TH08-10-0635
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline12. Yong, CM, Tremmel, JA, Lansberg, MG, Fan, J, Askari, M, Turakhia, MP. Sex differences in oral anticoagulation and outcomes of stroke and intracranial bleeding in newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(10):e015689. doi:10.1161/JAHA.120.015689
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline13. Penttilä, T, Lehto, M, Niiranen, J, et al. Differences in the risk of stroke, bleeding events, and mortality between female and male patients with atrial fibrillation during warfarin therapy. Eur Hear J—Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2019;5(1):29-36. doi:10.1093/ehjcvp/pvy026
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline14. Piccini, JP, Hammill, BG, Sinner, MF, et al. Incidence and prevalence of atrial fibrillation and associated mortality among Medicare beneficiaries: 1993-2007. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2012;5(1):85-93. doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.111.962688
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline15. Shroff, GR, Solid, CA, Herzog, CA. Atrial fibrillation, stroke, and anticoagulation in Medicare beneficiaries: trends by age, sex, and race, 1992-2010. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3(3):e000756. doi:10.1161/JAHA.113.000756
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline16. Senoo, K, Lip, GYH. Female sex, time in therapeutic range, and clinical outcomes in atrial fibrillation patients taking warfarin. Stroke. 2016;47(6):1665-1668. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.013173
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline17. Rosano, GMC, Lewis, B, Agewall, S, et al. Gender differences in the effect of cardiovascular drugs: a position document of the Working Group on Pharmacology and Drug Therapy of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(40):2677-2680. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv161
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline18. Takach Lapner, S, Cohen, N, Kearon, C. Influence of sex on risk of bleeding in anticoagulated patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2014;12(5):595-605. doi:10.1111/jth.12529
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline19. Ruff, CT, Giugliano, RP, Braunwald, E, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet. 2014;383(9921):955-962. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62343-0
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI20. Denas, G, Gennaro, N, Ferroni, E, et al. Effectiveness and safety of oral anticoagulation with non-vitamin K antagonists compared to well-managed vitamin K antagonists in naïve patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: propensity score matched cohort study. Int J Cardiol. 2017;249:198-203. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.09.029
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline21. Tosetto, A, Manotti, C, Marongiu, F. Center-related determinants of VKA anticoagulation quality: a prospective, multicenter evaluation. PLoS One. 2015;10(12):e0144314. Pizzi, C ed. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144314
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline22. Wertheimer, AI . The defined daily dose system (DDD) for drug utilization review. Hosp Pharm. 1986;21(3):233-234 , 239-241, 258.
Google Scholar | Medline23. Cunningham, A, Stein, CM, Chung, CP, Daugherty, JR, Smalley, WE, Ray, WA. An automated database case definition for serious bleeding related to oral anticoagulant use. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2011;20(6):560-566. doi:10.1002/pds.2109
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline24. Hosmer, DW, Lemeshow, S. Applied Survival Analysis: Regression Modeling of Time to Event Data. Wiley; 1999:225-230.
Google Scholar25. Melloni, C, Berger, JS, Wang, TY, et al. Representation of women in randomized clinical trials of cardiovascular disease prevention. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2010;3(2):135-142. doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.110.868307
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline26. Shantha, GPS, Bhave, PD, Girotra, S, et al. Sex-specific comparative effectiveness of oral anticoagulants in elderly patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2017;10(4):e003418. doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.116.003418
Google Scholar | Medline27. Apostolakis, S, Sullivan, RM, Olshansky, B, Lip, GYH. Factors affecting quality of anticoagulation control among patients with atrial fibrillation on warfarin: the SAMe-TT2 R2 score. Chest. 2013;144(5):1555-1563. doi:10.1378/chest.13-0054
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline28. Palareti, G, Antonucci, E, Migliaccio, L, et al. Vitamin K antagonist therapy: changes in the treated populations and in management results in Italian anticoagulation clinics compared with those recorded 20 years ago. Intern Emerg Med. 2017;12(8):1109-1119. doi:10.1007/s11739-017-1678-9
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline29. Esteve-Pastor, MA, Rivera-Caravaca, JM, Roldán, V, et al. Long-term bleeding risk prediction in ‘real world’ patients with atrial fibrillation: comparison of the HAS-BLED and ABC-bleeding risk scores: the Murcia Atrial Fibrillation Project. Thromb Haemost. 2017;117(10):1848-1858. doi:10.1160/TH17-07-0478
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline30. Qazi, JZ, Schnitzer, ME, Côté, R, Martel, M-J, Dorais, M, Perreault, S. Predicting major bleeding among hospitalized patients using oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation after discharge. PLoS One. 2021;16(3):e0246691. Savarese, G ed. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246691
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline31. Wong, JM, Maddox, TM, Kennedy, K, Shaw, RE. Comparing major bleeding risk in outpatients with atrial fibrillation or flutter by oral anticoagulant type (from the National Cardiovascular Disease Registry’s Practice Innovation and Clinical Excellence Registry). Am J Cardiol. 2020;125(10):1500-1507. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.02.028
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline32. Hindricks, G, Potpara, T, Dagres, N, et al. 2020 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2021;42(5):373-498. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa612
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline33. Camm, AJ, Fox, KAA. Strengths and weaknesses of ‘real-world’ studies involving non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants. Open Heart. 2018;5(1):e000788. doi:10.1136/openhrt-2018-000788
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline34. Chiu, HH, Whittaker, P. Venous thromboembolism in an industrial North American city: temporal distribution and association with particulate matter air pollution. PLoS One. 2013;8(7):e68829. ten, Cate H ed. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068829
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline35. Di Minno, A, Spadarella, G, Tufano, A, Prisco, D, Di Minno, G. Ensuring medication adherence with direct oral anticoagulant drugs. Thromb Res. 2014;133(5):699-704. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2014.01.016
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI36. Ferroni, E, Gennaro, N, Costa, G, et al. Real-world persistence with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in naïve patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol. 2019;288:72-75. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.04.061
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline