The search procedure primarily obtained n = 1263 results, which after reading the title and abstract, full-text, and the application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria were reduced to n = 42. The selection process is shown in Fig. 1.

Articles search flow diagram

A total of 42 studies [38, 42, 50, 57, 69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105] studied our outcome of interest; A total sample size of fifty-seven thousand four hundred and eighty-six (57,486) elderly populations were included in the present study. The geographical province of studies was assessed. We found: Six studies in India [72, 86, 94, 95, 98, 102], five studies in China [50, 77, 84, 89], three studies in Turkey [71, 82, 105], three studies in Nepal [76, 90, 97], three studies in Thailand [70, 75, 83], two studies in the USA [91, 100], two studies in Australia [57, 99], two studies in Malaysia [42, 96], two studies in Ethiopia [81, 93], one study in German [103], one study in the UK [104], one study in Norway [85], one study in Italy [79], one study in Japan [87], one study in Mexico [78], one study in Brazil [92], one study in Finland [74], one study in Singapore [101], one study in Saudi Arabia [69], one study in the United Arab Emirates [80], one study in Ghana [88], one study in Sudan [73] and one study in Egypt [38]. Most of the studies in the present analysis were cross-sectional [38, 42, 50, 57, 69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79, 81, 82, 84,85,86,87,88,89,90, 92, 93, 95,96,97,98, 101,102,103, 105] and four studies were Cohort [85, 94, 99, 104].

Sixteen studies [70, 73, 74, 81, 86, 88, 90, 92,93,94, 97, 98, 102,103,104,105] used Geriatric Depression Scale-15 (GDS-15), 12 studies [38, 69, 71, 72, 75,76,77,