1. See Coupet, E. et al., “US Emergency Department Encounters for Firearm Injuries According to Presentation at Trauma vs. Nontrauma Centers,” JAMA Surgery 154, no. 4 (2019): 360-362.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline2. Kochanek, K.D. et al., “Deaths: Final Data for 2017,” National Vital Statistics Reports 68, no. 9 (2019), available at <https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_09-508.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3z03p2bJdu0Q-vqvdMHKDCPtPT_4DePF1xdc39uYlyl3D8sgPtnhAFI3A> ().
Google Scholar3. Studdert, D.M. et al., “Handgun Ownership and Suicide in California,” NEJM 382 (2020): 2220-2229.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline4. Rubin, R. , “Physicians Are Steering the Conversation about Gun Violence,” JAMA 321, no. 2 (2019): 133-135.

Google ScholarSee also Ranney, M. et al., “#ThisIsOurLane — Firearm Safety as Health Care's Highway,” NEJM 380 (2019): 405-407.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline

5. Id.
Google Scholar6. National Physicians Alliance , Policy Statement: Gun Violence — A Public Health Issue (Feb. 2013), available at <http://npalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/NPA-Policy-Stmt-Gun-Violence-A-Public-Health-Issue-021813.pdf> ().
Google Scholar7. Abir, M. , “Health Care Providers and Researchers Have an Obligation to Expose the Horrors of Gun Violence,” Health Affairs Blog (Nov. 20, 2018), available at <https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20181119.463210/full/> ().
Google Scholar8. See Shultz, B. et al., “Understanding the Role of Law in Reducing Firearm Injury through Clinical Interventions,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 48, no. 4, Suppl. (2020): 146-154.
Google Scholar | Abstract9. Tuohy, C. , “Agency, Contract, and Governance: Shifting Shapes of Accountability in the Health Care Arena,” Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 28, nos. 2-3 (2003): 195-215.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline10. See generally, Beauchamp, T.L., Childress, J.F., Principles of Biomedical Ethics (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012).
Google Scholar11. Id., at ch. 6.
Google Scholar12. See Rathore, M.H. , “Physician ‘Gag Laws’ and Gun Safety,” American Medical Association Journal of Ethics (April 2014), available at <https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/physician-gag-laws-and-gun-safety/2014-04> ().
Google Scholar13. Rao, J.K. et al., “Communication Interventions Make a Difference in Conversations Between Physicians and Patients: A Systematic Review of the Evidence,” Medical Care 45, no. 4 (2007): 340-349.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI14. American Medical Association , Code of Medical Ethics Opinion 8.11(b) (2019).
Google Scholar15. See Brent, D.A. et al., “Compliance with Recommendations to Remove Firearms in Families Participating in a Clinical Trial for Adolescent Depression,” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 39, no. 10 (2000): 1220-1226.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline16. See Durkin, A., Wilmore, B., Sarnoff, C., Hemenway, D., “Closing the Data Gap: The Role of the States in Ensuring Informed Solutions to Gun Violence,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 48, no. 4, Suppl. (2020): 32-38.
Google Scholar | Abstract17. See Brent et al., supra note 15.
Google Scholar18. See Dobscha, S.K. et al., “Primary Care Clinician Responses to Positive Suicidal Ideation Risk Assessments in Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan,” General Hospital Psychiatry 36, no. 3 (2014): 310-317.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI19. See Pallin, R. et al., “California Public Opinion on Health Professionals Talking with Patients About Firearms,” Health Affairs 38, no. 10 (2019): 1377.
Google Scholar | Crossref20. See Hedman, L.C. et al., “State Laws on Emergency Holds for Mental Health Stabilization,” Psychiatric Services 67 (2016): 529-535.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline21. See Jones, N. et al., “What Should be the Scope of Physicians' Roles in Responding to Gun Violence,” American Medical Association Journal of Ethics 20, no. 1 (2018): 84-90.
Google Scholar22. See, e.g., M.G.L. c. 123 § 36(B)(1).
Google Scholar23. See Shultz et al., supra note 8.
Google Scholar24. See Sjöstrand, M. et al., “Paternalism in the Name of Autonomy,” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 38, no. 6 (2013): 710-724.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline25. Id.
Google Scholar26. See McLean, R.M. et al., “Firearm-Related Injury and Death in the United States: A Call to Action from the Nation's Leading Physician and Public Health Professional Organizations,” Annals of Internal Medicine (2019), available at <https://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/2748085/firearm-related-injury-death-united-states-call-action-from-nation> ().
Google Scholar27. American Medical Association , Code of Medical Ethics Opinion 1.2.10 (2019).
Google Scholar28. Gani, F., Sakran, J.V., Canner, J.K., “Emergency Department Visits for Firearm-Related Injuries in the United States, 2006-14,” Health Affairs 36, no. 10 (2017): 1729-1738.
Google Scholar | Crossref29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Web-Based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS), available at <https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars> ().
Google Scholar