1. American Diabetes Association . Standards of medical care in diabetes-2020. Diabetes Care. 2020;43:S98-S110.
Google Scholar2. Bajaj, S. RSSDI clinical practice recommendations for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2017;38:S1-S115.
Google Scholar3. Davies, MJ, D’Alessio, DA, Fradkin, J, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2018;41:2669-2701.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline4. Rojas, LB, Gomes, MB. Metformin: an old but still the best treatment for type 2 diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2013;5:6.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI5. U.S. Food and Drug Administration . FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA revises warnings regarding use of the diabetes medicine metformin in certain patients with reduced kidney function. Accessed July 20, 2020. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm493244.htm
Google Scholar6. Cosentino, F, Grant, PJ, Aboyans, V, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group . 2019 ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:255-323.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline7. Chakraborty, A, Chowdhury, S, Bhattacharyya, M. Effect of metformin on oxidative stress, nitrosative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in type 2 diabetes patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011;93:56-62.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI8. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group . Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet. 1998;352:854-865.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI9. Palmer, SC, Mavridis, D, Nicolucci, A, et al. Comparison of clinical outcomes and adverse events associated with glucose-lowering drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2016;316:313-324.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline10. Mahabaleshwarkar, R, Liu, TL, Mulder, H. Comparative effectiveness of metformin dosage uptitration versus adding another antihyperglycemic medication on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients failing initial metformin monotherapy: a retrospective cohort study. Popul Health Manag. 2019;22:457-463.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline11. Hirst, JA, Farmer, AJ, Ali, R, Roberts, NW, Stevens, RJ. Quantifying the effect of metformin treatment and dose on glycemic control. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:446-454.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI12. Corcoran, C, Jacobs, TF. Metformin. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2020.
Google Scholar13. ICMR guidelines for management of diabetes II [13 April 2018]. Accessed May 8, 2020. http://icmr.nic.in/guidelines_diabetes/guide_diabetes.htm
Google Scholar14. Singla, R, Bindra, J, Singla, A, Gupta, Y, Kalra, S. Drug prescription patterns and cost analysis of diabetes therapy in India: audit of an endocrine practice. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2019;23:40-45.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline15. Dutta, D, Jaisani, R, Khandelwal, D, Ghosh, S, Malhotra, R, Kalra, S. Role of metformin, Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and orlistat based multidrug therapy in glycemic control, weight loss, and euglycemia in diabesity: a real-world experience. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2019;23:460-467.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline16. Mokta, J, Mokta, K, Ranjan, A, Joshi, I, Garg, M. Diabetes drug prescription pattern and awareness among health care providers in sub-Himalayan region of India: a population based study. J Assoc Physicians India. 2017;65:50-54.
Google Scholar | Medline17. Garber, AJ, Duncan, TG, Goodman, AM, Mills, DJ, Rohlf, JL. Efficacy of metformin in type II diabetes: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response trial. Am J Med. 1997;103:491-497.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI18. Srivastava, SS, Roy, V, Mohanty, A, Mohanty, M. Prescribing pattern of antidiabetic drugs amongst pre-obese diabetic patients in a tertiary care hospital-an observational study. Int J Sci Res. 2019;8:1-4.
Google Scholar19. Joshi, DB, Lakhani, JD, Siddhpuria, RY, Tandel, HP, Hajariwala, NR. A study on drug utilization pattern of metformin and its different formulations used in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus in tertiary care teaching hospital. J Integr Health Sci. 2018;6:22-26.
Google Scholar | Crossref20. Kaiser Permanente . Type 2 diabetes screening and treatment guidelines. 2019. Accessed May 8, 2020. https://wa.kaiserpermanente.org/static/
Google Scholar21. Kalra, S, Gupta, Y. Starting titrating and intensifying metformin. J Pak Med Assoc. 2015;65:799-800.
Google Scholar | Medline22. Borgharkar, SS, Das, SS. Real-world evidence of glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in India: the TIGHT study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2019;7:e000654.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline23. ICMR guidelines for management of type 2 diabetes mellitus . Accessed October 6, 2020. https://main.icmr.nic.in/sites/default/files/guidelines/ICMR_GuidelinesType2diabetes2018_0.pdf
Google Scholar24. Sivitz, WI, Phillips, LS, Wexler, DJ, et al; GRADE Research Group . Optimization of metformin in the GRADE cohort: effect on glycemia and body weight. Diabetes Care. 2020;43:940-947.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline25. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group . Long-term safety, tolerability, and weight loss associated with metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:731-737.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI26. Maruthur, NM, Tseng, E, Hutfless, S, et al. Diabetes medications as monotherapy or metformin-based combination therapy for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164:740-751.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI27. Hundal, RS, Krssak, M, Dufour, S, et al. Mechanism by which metformin reduces glucose production in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2000;49:2063-2069.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI28. González-Ortiz, M, Martínez-Abundis, E, Robles-Cervantes, JA, Ramos-Zavala, MG, Barrera-Durán, C, González-Canudas, J. Effect of metformin glycinate on glycated hemoglobin A1C concentration and insulin sensitivity in drug-naive adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2012;14:1140-1144.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline29. Fontbonne, A, Diouf, I, Baccara-Dinet, M, Eschwege, E, Charles, A. Effects of 1-year treatment with metformin on metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors in non-diabetic upper-body obese subjects with mild glucose anomalies: a post-hoc analysis of the BIGPRO1 trial. Diabetes Metab. 2009;35:385-391.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline30. Zhou, L, Liu, H, Wen, X, Peng, Y, Tian, Y, Zhao, L. Effects of metformin on blood pressure in nondiabetic patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens. 2017;35:18-26.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline31. Iglay, K, Sawhney, B, Fu, AZ, et al. Dose distribution and up-titration patterns of metformin monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2019;3:e00107.
Google Scholar | Medline32. Min, SH, Yoon, JH, Hahn, S, Cho, YM. Efficacy and safety of combination therapy with an α-glucosidase inhibitor and a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Diabetes Investig. 2018;9:893-902.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline