1. Roth, GA, Mensah, GA, Johnson, CO, et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(25):2982–3021.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline2. Goldstein, JL, Brown, MS. A century of cholesterol and coronaries: from plaques to genes to statins. Cell. 2015;161(1):161–172.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline3. The lipid research clinics coronary primary prevention trial results. I. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease. JAMA. 1984;251(3):351–364.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI4. The lipid research clinics coronary primary prevention trial results. II. The relationship of reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease to cholesterol lowering. JAMA. 1984;251(3):365–374.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline5. W.H.O. cooperative trial on primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease using clofibrate to lower serum cholesterol: mortality follow-up. Report of the committee of principal investigators. Lancet. 1980;2(8191):379–385.
Google Scholar | Medline6. The CDP Research Group . Clofibrate and niacin in coronary heart disease. JAMA. 1975;231(4):360–381.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline7. Frick, MH, Elo, O, Haapa, K, et al. Helsinki heart study: primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia. Safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 1987;317(20):1237–1245.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI8. Rubins, HB, Robins, SJ, Collins, D, et al. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans affairs high-density lipoprotein cholesterol intervention trial study group. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(6):410–418.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI9. The Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) Study . Secondary prevention by raising HDL cholesterol and reducing triglycerides in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2000;102(1):21–27.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline10. Keech, A, Simes, RJ, Barter, P, et al. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366(9500):1849–1861.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI11. Ginsberg, HN, Elam, MB, Lovato, LC, et al. Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(17):1563–1574.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI12. Boden, WE, Probstfield, JL, Anderson, T, et al. Niacin in patients with low HDL cholesterol levels receiving intensive statin therapy. New Eng J Med. 2011;365(24):2255–2267.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI13. Landray, MJ, Haynes, R, Hopewell, JC, et al. Effects of extended-release niacin with laropiprant in high-risk patients. New Eng J Med. 2014;371(3):203–212.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI14. Nissen, SE, Tardif, JC, Nicholls, SJ, et al. Effect of torcetrapib on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(13):1304–1316.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI15. Barter, PJ, Caulfield, M, Eriksson, M, et al. Effects of torcetrapib in patients at high risk for coronary events. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(21):2109–2122.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI16. Lincoff, AM, Nicholls, SJ, Riesmeyer, JS, et al. Evacetrapib and cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk vascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(20):1933–1942.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline17. Bowman, L, Hopewell, JC, Chen, F, et al. Effects of anacetrapib in patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(13):1217–1227.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline18. Nicholls, SJ, Andrews, J, Kastelein, JJP, et al. Effect of serial infusions of cer-001, a pre-beta high-density lipoprotein mimetic, on coronary atherosclerosis in patients following acute coronary syndromes in the cer-001 atherosclerosis regression acute coronary syndrome trial: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2018;3(9):815–822.
Google Scholar | Medline19. Nicholls, SJ, Puri, R, Ballantyne, CM, et al. Effect of infusion of high-density lipoprotein mimetic containing recombinant apolipoprotein A-I Milano on coronary disease in patients with an acute coronary syndrome in the Milano-Pilot trial: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2018;3(9):806–814.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline20. Kastelein, JJ, Akdim, F, Stroes, ES, et al. Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(14):1431–1443.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI21. Tsujita, K, Sugiyama, S, Sumida, H, et al. Impact of dual lipid-lowering strategy with ezetimibe and atorvastatin on coronary plaque regression in patients with percutaneous coronary intervention: the multicenter randomized controlled PRECISE-IVUS Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(5):495–507.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline22. Murphy, SA, Cannon, CP, Blazing, MA, et al. Reduction in total cardiovascular events with ezetimibe/simvastatin post-acute coronary syndrome: the IMPROVE-IT trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(4):353–361.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI23. Hagiwara, N, Kawada-Watanabe, E, Koyanagi, R, et al. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol targeting with pitavastatin + ezetimibe for patients with acute coronary syndrome and dyslipidaemia: the HIJ-PROPER study, a prospective, open-label, randomized trial. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(29):2264–2276.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline24. Nissen, SE, Tuzcu, EM, Brewer, HB, et al. Effect of ACAT inhibition on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(12):1253–1263.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI25. Meuwese, MC, de Groot, E, Duivenvoorden, R, et al. ACAT inhibition and progression of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia: the CAPTIVATE randomized trial. JAMA. 2009;301(11):1131–1139.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline26. Group SSSS . Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4 S). Lancet. 1994;344(8934):1383–1389.
Google Scholar | Medline27. Mihaylova, B, Emberson, J, Blackwell, L, et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials. Lancet. 2012;380(9841):581–590.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline28. Ridker, PM, Danielson, E, Fonseca, FA, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(21):2195–2207.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI29. Sabatine, MS, Giugliano, RP, Keech, AC, et al. Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(18):1713–1722.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI30. Schwartz, GG, Steg, PG, Szarek, M, et al. Alirocumab and cardiovascular outcomes after acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(22):2097–2107.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline31. Sinnaeve, PR, Schwartz, GG, Wojdyla, DM, et al. Effect of alirocumab on cardiovascular outcomes after acute coronary syndromes according to age: an ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial analysis. Eur Heart J. 2019;41(24):2248–2258:doi:10.1093/eurheart/ehz809
Google Scholar | Crossref32. Ridker, PM, Revkin, J, Amarenco, P, et al. Cardiovascular efficacy and safety of bococizumab in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(16):1527–1539.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI33. Gudzune, KA, Monroe, AK, Sharma, R, Ranasinghe, PD, Chelladurai, Y, Robinson, KA. Effectiveness of combination therapy with statin and another lipid-modifying agent compared with intensified statin monotherapy: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(7):468–476.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline34. Ross, S, D’Mello, M, Anand, SS, et al. Effect of bile acid sequestrants on the risk of cardiovascular events: a Mendelian Randomization Analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2015;8(4):618–627.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI35. A co-operative trial in the primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease using clofibrate. Report from the committee of principal investigators. Br Heart J. 1978;40(10):1069–1118.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline36. Goldie, C, Taylor, AJ, Nguyen, P, McCoy, C, Zhao, XQ, Preiss, D. Niacin therapy and the risk of new-onset diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Heart. 2016;102(3):198–203.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline37. Nissen, SE, Tsunoda, T, Tuzcu, EM, et al. Effect of recombinant ApoA-I Milano on coronary atherosclerosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;290(17):2292–2300.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline38. Tardif, JC, Ballantyne, CM, Barter, P, et al. Effects of the high-density lipoprotein mimetic agent CER-001 on coronary atherosclerosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes: a randomized trial. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(46):3277–3286.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline39. Diditchenko, S, Gille, A, Pragst, I, et al. Novel formulation of a reconstituted high-density lipoprotein (CSL112) dramatically enhances ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013;33(9):2202–2211.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline40. France, M, Rees, A, Datta, D, et al. HEART UK statement on the management of homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia in the United Kingdom. Atherosclerosis. 2016;255:128–139.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline41. Baigent, C, Landray, MJ, Reith, C, et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377(9784):2181–2192.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI42. Alberts, AW, Chen, J, Kuron, G, et al. Mevinolin: a highly potent competitive inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and a cholesterol-lowering agent. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980;77(7):3957–3961.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline43. Brody, J . New Type of Drug for Cholesterol Approved and Hailed as Effective. New York Times; 1987.
Google Scholar44. Orkaby, AR, Driver, JA, Ho, Y-L, et al. Association of statin use with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in US veterans 75 years and older. JAMA. 2020;324(1):68–78.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline45. Kearney, PM, Blackwell, L, Collins, R, et al. Efficacy of cholesterol-lowering therapy in 18,686 people with diabetes in 14 randomised trials of statins: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2008;371(9607):117–125.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI46. Rodriguez, F, Maron, DJ, Knowles, JW, Virani, SS, Lin, S, Heidenreich, PA. Association between intensity of statin therapy and mortality in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2(1):47–