Kim SY, Yi DY (2020) Components of human breast milk: from macronutrient to microbiome and microRNA. Clin Exp Pediatr 63(8):301–309. https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.00059

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Notarbartolo V, Giuffrè M, Montante C, Corsello G, Carta M (2022) Composition of human breast milk Microbiota and its role in children’s health. Pediatr Gastr Hep Nutr 25(3):194. https://doi.org/10.5223/pghn.2022.25.3.194

Article  Google Scholar 

Stinson LF, Sindi ASM, Cheema AS, Lai CT, Mühlhäusler BS, Wlodek ME et al (2021) The human milk microbiome: who, what, when, where, why, and how? Nutr Rev 79(5):529–543. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa029

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang W, Li K, Zheng C, Sun H, Pan J, Li Y et al (2022) Human milk metabolomics are related to maternal adiposity, infant growth rate and allergies: The Chinese Human Milk Project. Nutrients 14(10):2097. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102097

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gómez-Gallego C, Morales J, Monleón D, du Toit E, Kumar H, Linderborg K et al (2018) Human breast milk NMR metabolomic profile across specific geographical locations and its association with the milk Microbiota. Nutrients 10(10):1355. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101355

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Poulsen KO, Meng F, Lanfranchi E, Young JF, Stanton C, Ryan CA et al (2022) Dynamic changes in the human milk metabolome over 25 weeks of lactation. Front Nutr. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.917659

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ojo-Okunola A, Cacciatore S, Nicol MP, du Toit E (2020) The determinants of the human milk metabolome and its role in infant health. Metabolites 10(2):77. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10020077

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cabrera-Rubio R, Collado MC, Laitinen K, Salminen S, Isolauri E, Mira A (2012) The human milk microbiome changes over lactation and is shaped by maternal weight and mode of delivery. Am J Clin Nutr 96(3):544–551. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.037382

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ding M, Qi C, Yang Z, Jiang S, Bi Y, Lai J et al (2019) Geographical location specific composition of cultured microbiota and Lactobacillus occurrence in human breast milk in China. Food Funct 10(2):554–564. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8fo02182a

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Isganaitis E, Venditti S, Matthews TJ, Lerin C, Demerath EW, Fields DA (2019) Maternal obesity and the human milk metabolome: associations with infant body composition and postnatal weight gain. Am J Clin Nutr 110(1):111–120. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy334

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Saben JL, Sims CR, Piccolo BD, Andres A (2020) Maternal adiposity alters the human milk metabolome: associations between nonglucose monosaccharides and infant adiposity. Am J Clin Nutr 112(5):1228–1239. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa216

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Williams JE, Carrothers JM, Lackey KA, Beatty NF, York MA, Brooker SL et al (2017) Human milk microbial community structure is relatively stable and related to variations in macronutrient and micronutrient intakes in healthy lactating women. J Nutr 147(9):1739–1748. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.117.248864

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cortés-Macías E, Selma-Royo M, Martínez-Costa C, Collado MC (2021) Breastfeeding practices influence the breast milk Microbiota depending on pre-gestational maternal BMI and weight gain over pregnancy. Nutrients 13(5):1518. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051518

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moossavi S, Sepehri S, Robertson B, Bode L, Goruk S, Field CJ et al (2019) Composition and variation of the human milk Microbiota are influenced by maternal and early-life factors. Cell Host Micr 25(2):324-335.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2019.01.011

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Shah NR, Braverman ER (2012) Measuring adiposity in patients: The utility of body mass index (BMI), percent body fat, and Leptin. PLoS One 7(4):e33308. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033308

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Páez-Franco JC, Torres-Ruiz J, Sosa-Hernández VA, Cervantes-Díaz R, Romero-Ramírez S, Pérez-Fragoso A et al (2021) Metabolomics analysis reveals a modified amino acid metabolism that correlates with altered oxygen homeostasis in COVID-19 patients. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85788-0

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gay M, Koleva P, Slupsky C, Toit E, Eggesbo M, Johnson C et al (2018) Worldwide variation in human milk metabolome: Indicators of breast physiology and maternal lifestyle? Nutrients 10(9):1151. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091151

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kahraman H (2019) The importance of L-rhamnose sugar. Biomed J Sci Tech Res https://doi.org/10.26717/bjstr.2019.21.003606

Baldeón Z, Flores F (2019) Free amino acid content in human milk is associated with infant gender and weight gain during the first four months of lactation. Nutrients 11(9):2239. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092239

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jiao N, Wu Z, Ji Y, Wang B, Dai Z, Wu G (2015) L-glutamate enhances barrier and antioxidative functions in intestinal porcine epithelial cells. J Nutr 145(10):2258–2264. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.217661

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ruth MR, Field CJ (2013) The immune modifying effects of amino acids on gut-associated lymphoid tissue. J Anim Sci Biotech. https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-1891-4-27

Article  Google Scholar 

van Sadelhoff JHJ, Wiertsema SP, Garssen J, Hogenkamp A (2020) Free amino acids in human milk: a potential role for glutamine and glutamate in the protection against neonatal allergies and infections. Front Immunol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01007

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Berger PK, Plows JF, Demerath EW, Fields DA (2020) Carbohydrate composition in breast milk and its effect on infant health. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 23(4):277–281. https://doi.org/10.1097/mco.0000000000000658

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bobiński R, Bobińska J (2022) Fatty acids of human milk – a review. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 92(3–4):280–291. https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000651

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sánchez-Hernández S, Esteban-Muñoz A, Giménez-Martínez R, Aguilar-Cordero MJ, Miralles-Buraglia B, Olalla-Herrera M (2019) A comparison of changes in the fatty acid profile of human milk of Spanish lactating women during the first month of lactation using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A comparison with infant formulas. Nutrients 11(12):3055. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11123055

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Spevacek AR, Smilowitz JT, Chin EL, Underwood MA, German JB, Slupsky CM (2015) Infant maturity at birth reveals minor differences in the maternal milk metabolome in the first month of lactation. J Nutr 145(8):1698–1708. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.210252

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sundekilde U, Downey E, O’Mahony J, O’Shea C-A, Ryan C, Kelly A et al (2016) The effect of gestational and lactational age on the human milk metabolome. Nutrients 8(5):304. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8050304

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kugananthan S, Gridneva Z, Lai C, Hepworth A, Mark P, Kakulas F et al (2017) Associations between maternal body composition and appetite hormones and macronutrients in human milk. Nutrients 9(3):252. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9030252