Hruby A, Hu FB. The epidemiology of obesity: a big picture. Pharmacoeconomics. 2015;33:673–89.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gautam D, Purandare N, Maxwell CV, Rosser ML, O’Brien P, Mocanu E, et al. The challenges of obesity for fertility: a FIGO literature review. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2023;160(Suppl 1):50–5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chooi YC, Ding C, Magkos F. The epidemiology of obesity. Metabolism. 2019;92:6–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

He Y, Tian J, Oddy WH, Dwyer T, Venn AJ. Association of childhood obesity with female infertility in adulthood: a 25-year follow-up study. Fertil Steril. 2018;110:596-604.e1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Penzias A, Azziz R, Bendikson K, Falcone T, Hansen K, Hill M, et al. Obesity and reproduction: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2021;116:1266–85.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ovarian Stimulation TEGGO, Bosch E, Broer S, Griesinger G, Grynberg M, Humaidan P, et al. ESHRE guideline: ovarian stimulation for IVF/ICSI†. Hum Reprod Open. 2020;2020:hoaa009.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mahutte N, Kamga-Ngande C, Sharma A, Sylvestre C. Obesity and reproduction. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2018;40:950–66.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Flynn N. Assessment and treatment for people with fertility problems: NICE guideline. Br J Gen Pract. 2014;64:50–1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Balen AH, Anderson RA, Policy & Practice Committee of the BFS. Impact of obesity on female reproductive health: British Fertility Society, Policy and Practice Guidelines. Hum Fertil (Camb). 2007;10:195–206.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

National Infertility Group Report [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 10]. Available from: http://www.gov.scot/publications/national-infertility-group-report/

Ramsay JE, Greer I, Sattar N. ABC of obesity. Obesity and reproduction. BMJ. 2006;333:1159–62.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tang J, Xu Y, Wang Z, Ji X, Qiu Q, Mai Z, et al. Association between metabolic healthy obesity and female infertility: the national health and nutrition examination survey, 2013–2020. BMC Public Health. 2023;23:1524.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jain A, Polotsky AJ, Rochester D, Berga SL, Loucks T, Zeitlian G, et al. Pulsatile luteinizing hormone amplitude and progesterone metabolite excretion are reduced in obese women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:2468–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pasquali R, Gambineri A. Metabolic effects of obesity on reproduction. Reprod Biomed Online. 2006;12:542–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kuchenbecker WKH, Groen H, Zijlstra TM, Bolster JHT, Slart RHJ, van der Jagt EJ, et al. The subcutaneous abdominal fat and not the intraabdominal fat compartment is associated with anovulation in women with obesity and infertility. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:2107–12.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guo Z, Hensrud DD, Johnson CM, Jensen MD. Regional postprandial fatty acid metabolism in different obesity phenotypes. Diabetes. 1999;48:1586–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nasiri N, Moini A, Eftekhari-Yazdi P, Karimian L, Salman-Yazdi R, Zolfaghari Z, et al. Abdominal obesity can induce both systemic and follicular fluid oxidative stress independent from polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2015;184:112–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bellver J, Martínez-Conejero JA, Labarta E, Alamá P, Melo MAB, Remohí J, et al. Endometrial gene expression in the window of implantation is altered in obese women especially in association with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2011;95(2335–41):2341.e1-8.

Google Scholar 

Metwally M, Tuckerman EM, Laird SM, Ledger WL, Li TC. Impact of high body mass index on endometrial morphology and function in the peri-implantation period in women with recurrent miscarriage. Reprod Biomed Online. 2007;14:328–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Metwally M, Preece R, Thomas J, Ledger W, Li TC. A proteomic analysis of the endometrium in obese and overweight women with recurrent miscarriage: preliminary evidence for an endometrial defect. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2014;12:75.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hahn KA, Hatch EE, Rothman KJ, Mikkelsen EM, Brogly SB, Sørensen HT, et al. Body size and risk of spontaneous abortion among danish pregnancy planners. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2014;28:412–23.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lashen H, Fear K, Sturdee DW. Obesity is associated with increased risk of first trimester and recurrent miscarriage: matched case-control study. Hum Reprod. 2004;19:1644–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cavalcante MB, Sarno M, Peixoto AB, Araujo Júnior E, Barini R. Obesity and recurrent miscarriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2019;45:30–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boxem AJ, Blaauwendraad SM, Mulders AGMGJ, Bekkers EL, Kruithof CJ, Steegers EAP, et al. Preconception and early-pregnancy body mass index in women and men, time to pregnancy, and risk of miscarriage. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7:e2436157.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gambineri A, Laudisio D, Marocco C, Radellini S, Colao A, Savastano S, et al. Female infertility: which role for obesity? Int J Obes Suppl. 2019;9:65–72.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Malasevskaia I, Sultana S, Hassan A, Hafez AA, Onal F, Ilgun H, et al. A 21st century epidemy-obesity: and its impact on pregnancy loss. Cureus. 2021;13:e12417.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brewer CJ, Balen AH. The adverse effects of obesity on conception and implantation. Reproduction. 2010;140:347–64.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Clinical Consensus-Obstetrics, Gantt A, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Metz TD, Kuller JA, Louis JM, et al. Obstetric Care Consensus #11, Pregnancy at age 35 years or older. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2023;228:B25-40.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lamminpää R, Vehviläinen-Julkunen K, Gissler M, Selander T, Heinonen S. Pregnancy outcomes of overweight and obese women aged 35 years or older – a registry-based study in Finland. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2016;10:133–42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xue X, Shi W, Zhou H, Tian L, Zhao Z, Zhou D, et al. Cumulative live birth rates according to maternal body mass index after first ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization: a single center analysis of 14,782 patients. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:149.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

ESHRE Task Force on Ethics and Law, including, Dondorp W, de Wert G, Pennings G, Shenfield F, Devroey P, et al. Lifestyle-related factors and access to medically assisted reproduction. Hum Reprod. 2010;25:578–83.

Article  Google Scholar 

Provost MP, Acharya KS, Acharya CR, Yeh JS, Steward RG, Eaton JL, et al. Pregnancy outcomes decline with increasing recipient body mass index: an analysis of 22,317 fresh donor/recipient cycles from the 2008–2010 Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic Outcome Reporting System registry. Fertil Steril. 2016;105:364–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kawwass JF, Kulkarni AD, Hipp HS, Crawford S, Kissin DM, Jamieson DJ. Extremities of body mass index and their association with pregnancy outcomes in women undergoing in vitro fertilization in the United States. Fertil Steril. 2016;106:1742–50.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Supramaniam PR, Mittal M, McVeigh E, Lim LN. The correlation between raised body mass index and assisted reproductive treatment outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence. Reprod Health. 2018;15:34.

Article  PubMed