van Amsterdam J, Nabben T, van den Brink W. Recreational nitrous oxide use: Prevalence and risks. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2015;73(3):790–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.10.017.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gernez E, Lee GR, Niguet JP, Zerimech F, Bennis A, Grzych G. Nitrous oxide abuse: clinical outcomes, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and impact on metabolism. Toxics. 2023;11(12):962. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11120962.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Brunt TM, van den Brink W, van Amsterdam J. Mechanisms involved in the neurotoxicity and abuse liability of nitrous oxide: a narrative review. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(23):14747. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314747.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

MacLean SJ, Riddell O, Herold MD, Frank VA. Becoming a nitrous oxide user on social media: Learning to maximise pleasures and minimise harms. Int J Drug Policy. 2022;109:103861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103861.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tani J, Weng H-Y, Chen H-J, Chang T-S, Sung J-Y, Lin CS-Y. Elucidating unique axonal dysfunction between nitrous oxide abuse and vitamin B12 deficiency. Front Neurol. 2019;10:704. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00704.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Garakani A, Jaffe RJ, Savla D, Welch AK, Protin CA, Bryson EO, et al. Neurologic, psychiatric, and other medical manifestations of nitrous oxide abuse: A systematic review of the case literature. Am J Addict. 2016;25(5):358–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.12372.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sacco MA, Aquila I. Post mortem molecular biomarkers of asphyxia: a literature review. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(21):116073. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252111607.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Backstrom B, Johansson B, Eriksson A. Death from nitrous oxide. J Forensic Sci. 2015;60(6):1662–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12879.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sperhake J, Jorch G, Bajanowski T. The prone sleeping position and SIDS. Historical aspects and possible pathomechanisms. Int J Legal Med. 2018;132(1):181–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-017-1749-5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bell MD, Rao VJ, Wetli CV, Rodriguez RN. Positional asphyxiation in adults. A series of 30 cases from the Dade and Broward County Florida medical examiner offices from 1982 to 1990. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1992;13(2):101–7.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zacny JP, Walker DJ, Derus LM. Choice of nitrous oxide and its subjective effects in light and moderate drinkers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008;98(1–2):163–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.06.001.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sanders RD, Weimann J, Maze M. Biologic effects of nitrous oxide: a mechanistic and toxicologic review. Anesthesiology. 2008;109(4):707–22. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181870a17.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tsai G, Gastfriend DR, Coyle JT. The glutamatergic basis of human alcoholism. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152(3):332–40. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.152.3.332.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rothschild MA, Schneider V. Two autoerotic accidents: Fatal nitrous oxide narcosis and thorax compression. Archiv fuer Kriminologie. 1997;200(3–4):65–72.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Potocka-Banas B, Majdanik S, Dutkiewicz G, Borowiak K, Janus T. Death caused by addictive inhalation of nitrous oxide. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2011;30(11):1875–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/0960327111401437.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Poli D, Gagliano-Candela R, Strisciullo G, Colucci AP, Strada L, Laviola D, et al. Nitrous oxide determination in postmortem biological samples: a case of serial fatal poisoning in a public hospital. J Forensic Sci. 2010;55(1):258–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01218.x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cioffi A, Cecannecchia C, Bosco MA, Gurgoglione G, Baldari B, De Simone S. Lethal nitrous oxide (N(2)O) intoxication during surgery: the contribution of immunohistochemistry in identifying the cause of death: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2023;17(1):424. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13256-023-04159-7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Byard RW, Heath K. How common are suicides using nitrous oxide? Med Sci Law. 2019;59(3):160–3. https://doi.org/10.1177/0025802419852184.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leth PM, Astrup BS. Suffocation caused by plastic wrap covering the face combined with nitrous oxide inhalation. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2017;13(3):372–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12024-017-9887-0.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

DiMaio VJ, Garriott JC. Four deaths resulting from abuse of nitrous oxide. J Forensic Sci. 1978;23(1):169–72.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chadly A, Marc B, Barres D, Durigon M. Suicide by nitrous oxide poisoning. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1989;10(4):330–1. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000433-198912000-00010.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Winek CL, Wahba WW, Rozin L. Accidental death by nitrous oxide inhalation. Forensic Sci Int. 1995;73(2):139–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-0738(95)01729-3.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wagner SA, Clark MA, Wesche DL, Doedens DJ, Lloyd AW. Asphyxial deaths from the recreational use of nitrous oxide. J Forensic Sci. 1992;37(4):1008–15.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zheng D, Ba F, Bi G, Guo Y, Gao Y, Li W. The sharp rise of neurological disorders associated with recreational nitrous oxide use in China: a single-center experience and a brief review of Chinese literature. J Neurol. 2020;267(2):422–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-019-09600-w.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang Q, Duan X, Dong M, Sun S, Zhang P, Liu F, et al. Clinical feature and sural biopsy study in nitrous oxide-induced peripheral neuropathy. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(9):e0274765. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274765.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Dang XT, Nguyen TX, Nguyen TTH, Ha HT. Nitrous Oxide-Induced Neuropathy among Recreational Users in Vietnam. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(12):6230. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126230.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jansen E, Beekhof PK. Stability of folate and vitamin B(12) in human serum after long-term storage: a follow-up after 13 years. J Nutr Metab. 2018;2018:9834181. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9834181.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hubner U, Schorr H, Eckert R, Geisel J, Herrmann W. Stability of plasma homocysteine, S-adenosylmethionine, and S-adenosylhomocysteine in EDTA, acidic citrate, and Primavette collection tubes. Clin Chem. 2007;53(12):2217–8. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2007.093930.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar