Phelps NH, Singleton RK, Zhou B, Heap RA, Mishra A, Bennett JE, et al. Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. The Lancet. 2024;403:1027–50.

Chooi YC, Ding C, Magkos F. The epidemiology of obesity. Metabolism. 2019;92:6–10.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bray GA. Pathophysiology of obesity. American J Clin Nutr. 1992;55:488S–94S.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Han Y, Ma Y, Liu Y, Zhao Z, Zhen S, Yang X, et al. Plasma cholinesterase is associated with Chinese adolescent overweight or obesity and metabolic syndrome prediction. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2019;14:685–702.

Article  Google Scholar 

Nicolaidis S. Environment and obesity. Metabolism. 2019;100:153942.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chen YC, Chen PC, Hsieh WS, Portnov BA, Chen YA. Yungling LL. Environmental factors associated with overweight and obesity in taiwanese children. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2012;26:561–71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maes HH, Neale MC, Eaves LJ. Genetic and environmental factors in relative body weight and human adiposity. Behav Genet. 1997;27:325–51.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zaitlen N, Kraft P, Patterson N, Pasaniuc B, Bhatia G, Pollack S, et al. Using extended genealogy to estimate components of heritability for 23 quantitative and dichotomous traits. PLoS Genet. 2013;9:e1003520.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Goodarzi MO. Genetics of obesity: what genetic association studies have taught us about the biology of obesity and its complications. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6:223–36.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Nettore IC, Franchini F, Palatucci G, Macchia PE, Ungaro P. Epigenetic mechanisms of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in obesity. Biomedicines. 2021;9:1716.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pezzementi L, Nachon F, Chatonnet A. Evolution of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in the vertebrates: an atypical butyrylcholinesterase from the Medaka Oryzias latipes. PLoS One. 2011;6:e17396.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Darvesh S, Hopkins DA, Geula C. Neurobiology of butyrylcholinesterase. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2003;4:131–8.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pavlov VA, Wang H, Czura CJ, Friedman SG, Tracey KJ. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway: a missing link in neuroimmunomodulation. Mol Med. 2003;9:125–34.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tracey KJ. Physiology and immunology of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. J Clin Invest. 2007;117:289–96.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Frouni I, Kwan C, Belliveau S, Huot P. Cognition, and serotonin in Parkinson’s disease. Prog Brain Res. 2022;269:373–403.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reale M, Costantini E. Cholinergic modulation of the immune system in neuroinflammatory diseases. Diseases. 2021;9:29.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bono GF, Simão-Silva DP, Batistela MS, Josviak ND, Dias PF, Nascimento GA, et al. Butyrylcholinesterase: K variant, plasma activity, molecular forms and rivastigmine treatment in Alzheimer’s disease in a Southern Brazilian population. Neurochem Int. 2015;81:57–62.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Babaoglu MO, Ocal T, Bayar B, Kayaalp SO, Bozkurt A. Frequency and enzyme activity of the butyrylcholinesterase K-variant in a Turkish population. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;59:875–7.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mbah Ntepe LJ, Habib R, Judith Laure N, Raza S, Nepovimova E. Kamil K, et. al. Oxidative Stress and Analysis of Selected SNPs of ACHE (rs 2571598), BCHE (rs 3495), CAT (rs 7943316), SIRT1 (rs 10823108), GSTP1 (rs 1695), and Gene GSTM1, GSTT1 in Chronic Organophosphates Exposed Groups from Cameroon and Pakistan. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:6432.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bartels CF, Van der Spek AF, La Du BN. Two polymorphisms in the non-coding regions of the BCHE gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990;18:6171.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Furtado-Alle L, Tureck LV, de Oliveira CS, Hortega JV, Souza RL. Butyrylcholinesterase and lipid metabolism: Possible dual role in metabolic disorders. Chem Biol Interact. 2023;383:110680.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chaves TJ, Leite N, Milano GE, Milano GE, Souza RL, Chautard-Freire-Maia EA, et al. 116A and K BCHE gene variants associated with obesity and hypertriglyceridemia in adolescents from Southern Brazil. Chem Biol Interact. 2013;203:341–3.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ellman GL, Courtney KD, Andres JrV, Featherstone RM. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem Pharmacol. 1961;7:88–95.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Worek F, Mast U, Kiderlen D, Diepold C, Eyer P. Improved determination of acetylcholinesterase activity in human whole blood. Clin Chim Acta. 1999;288:73–90.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and β-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28:412–9.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lahiri DK, Nurnberger JrJI. A rapid non-enzymatic method for the preparation of HMW DNA from blood for RFLP studies. Nucleic Acids Res. 1991;19:5444.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Patočka J, Kuča K, Jun D. Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase–important enzymes of human body. Acta Medica. 2004;47:215–28.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pohanka M. Butyrylcholinesterase as a biochemical marker. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2013;114:726–34.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gazzi EN, Sorodoc V, Jaba IM, Lionte C, Bologa C, Lupusoru CE, et al. Profile of adult acute cholinesterase inhibitors substances poisoning–a 30-year analysis. Open Medicine. 2015;10:278–84.

Ogunkeye OO, Roluga AI. Serum cholinesterase activity helps to distinguish between liver disease and non-liver disease aberration in liver function tests. Pathophysiology. 2006;13:91–3.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hamouda AF, Khardali IA, Attafi IM, Oraiby ME, Attafi MA, Muyidi AM, et al. Study the Relation Between Acetylcholinesterase and Obesity in University Students. Int J of Nutr Food Sci. 2019;8:46–51.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rao AA, Reddy CS, Sridhar GR, Annapurna A, Hanuman T, Prameela M, et al. Enhanced butyrylcholinesterase activity may be the common link in triggering low-grade systemic inflammation and decrease in cognitive function in diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Nutr Food Sci. 2008;4:213–6.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tangvarasittichai S, Pongthaisong S, Meemark S, Tangvarasittichai O. Abdominal obesity associated with elevated serum butyrylcholinesterase activity, insulin resistance and reduced high density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2015;30:275–80.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Boberg DR, Furtado-Alle L, Souza RL, Chautard-Freire-Maia EA. Molecular forms of butyrylcholinesterase and obesity. Genet Mol Biol. 2010;33:452–4.