WHO (2023) Global tuberculosis report 2023. World Health Organisation, Geneva

Google Scholar 

WHO (2022) Global tuberculosis report 2022. World Health Organisation, Geneva

Google Scholar 

Asmar S, Drancourt M (2015) Rapid culture-based diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in developed and developing countries. Front Microbiol 6:1184

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

WHO (2018) Technical manual for drug susceptibility testing of medicines used in the treatment of tuberculosis. World Health Organisation, Geneva

Google Scholar 

Maiga M, Abaza A, Bishai WR (2012) Current tuberculosis diagnostic tools & role of urease breath test. Indian J Med Res 135:731–736

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Harries AD, Kumar AMV (2018) Challenges and progress with diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in low- and middle-income countries. Diagnostics (Basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics8040078

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu CW, Wu YK, Lan CC et al (2019) Impact of nucleic acid amplification test on pulmonary tuberculosis notifications and treatments in Taiwan: a 7-year single-center cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 19:726

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sharma A, Kumar R, Varadwaj P (2023) Smelling the disease: diagnostic potential of breath analysis. Mol Diagn Ther 27:321–347

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fu L, Wang L, Wang H et al (2023) A cross-sectional study: a breathomics based pulmonary tuberculosis detection method. BMC Infect Dis 23:148

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ibrahim W, Carr L, Cordell R et al (2021) Breathomics for the clinician: the use of volatile organic compounds in respiratory diseases. Thorax 76:514–521

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saktiawati AMI, Triyana K, Wahyuningtias SD et al (2021) eNose-TB: a trial study protocol of electronic nose for tuberculosis screening in Indonesia. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249689

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sahota AS, Gowda R, Arasaradnam RP et al (2016) A simple breath test for tuberculosis using ion mobility: a pilot study. Tuberculosis 99:143–146

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cheepsattayakorn A, Cheepsattayakorn R (2014) Breath tests in diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Recent Pat Biotechnol 8:172–175

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Parsons LM, Somoskovi A, Gutierrez C et al (2011) Laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis in resource-poor countries: challenges and opportunities. Clin Microbiol Rev 24:314–350

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Whiting PF, Rutjes AW, Westwood ME et al (2011) QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. Ann Intern Med 155:529–536

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deeks JJ, Macaskill P, Irwig L (2005) The performance of tests of publication bias and other sample size effects in systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy was assessed. J Clin Epidemiol 58:882–893

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tavoli NAHJF (2019) Breath acetone sensors as non-invasive health monitoring systems: a review. IEEE Sens J 20:5–31

Google Scholar 

Wilson AD (2015) Advances in electronic-nose technologies for the detection of volatile biomarker metabolites in the human breath. Metabolites 5:140–163

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fens N, van der Schee MP, Brinkman P et al (2013) Exhaled breath analysis by electronic nose in airways disease. Established issues and key questions. Clin Exp Allergy 43:705–715

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garcia A, Barbas C (2011) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics. Methods Mol Biol 708:191–204

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barathidasan R, Sharmila FM, Raj RV et al (2022) Pooled sample testing for COVID-19 diagnosis: evaluation of bi-directional matrix pooling strategies. J Virol Methods 304:114524

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Grobe N, Cherif A, Wang X et al (2021) Sample pooling: burden or solution? Clin Microbiol Infect 27:1212–1220

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Horvath I, Barnes PJ, Loukides S et al (2017) A european respiratory society technical standard: exhaled biomarkers in lung disease. Eur Respir J. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00965-2016

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xiao Sun JH, Yang Xudong (2017) Human breath as a source of VOCs in the built environment, Part II: concentration levels, emission rates and factor analysis. Build and Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.07.009

Article  Google Scholar 

Gutierrez-Gonzalez LH, Juarez E, Carranza C et al (2021) Immunological aspects of diagnosis and management of childhood tuberculosis. Infect Drug Resist 14:929–946

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chambers ST, Scott-Thomas A, Epton M (2012) Developments in novel breath tests for bacterial and fungal pulmonary infection. Curr Opin Pulm Med. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0b013e328351f98b

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pal SDaM (2020) Review—non-invasive monitoring of human health by exhaled breath analysis: a comprehensive review. J Electrochem Soc 167:037562

Article  Google Scholar 

Saktiawati AMI, Putera DD, Setyawan A et al (2019) Diagnosis of tuberculosis through breath test: a systematic review. EBioMedicine 46:202–214

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Badola M, Agrawal A, Roy D et al (2023) Volatile organic compound identification-based tuberculosis screening among TB suspects: a diagnostic accuracy study. Adv Respir Med 91:301–309

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bobak CA, Kang L, Workman L et al (2021) Breath can discriminate tuberculosis from other lower respiratory illness in children. Sci Rep 11:2704

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kolk AH, van Berkel JJ, Claassens MM et al (2012) Breath analysis as a potential diagnostic tool for tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 16:777–782

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maiga M, Cohen K, Baya B et al (2016) Stool microbiome reveals diverse bacterial ureases as confounders of oral urea breath testing for Helicobacter pylori and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Bamako Mali. J Breath Res. https://doi.org/10.1088/1752-7155/10/3/036012

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McNerney R, Wondafrash BA, Amena K et al (2010) Field test of a novel detection device for Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen in cough. BMC Infect Dis 10:161

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mohamed EI, Mohamed MA, Moustafa MH et al (2017) Qualitative analysis of biological tuberculosis samples by an electronic nose-based artificial neural network. Int J Tuberc and Lung Dis 21:810–817

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Morozov VN, Nikolaev AA, Shlyapnikov YM et al (2018) Non-invasive approach to diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis using microdroplets collected from exhaled air. J Breath Res 12:036010