ElSohly MA, Mehmedic Z, Foster S, Gon C, Chandra S, Church JC. Changes in cannabis potency over the last 2 decades (1995–2014): analysis of current data in the United States. Biol Psychiatry. 2016;79(7):613–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Volkow ND, Han B, Compton WM, McCance-Katz EF. Self-reported medical and nonmedical cannabis use among pregnant women in the United States. JAMA. 2019;322(2):167–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jarlenski M, Koma JW, Zank J, Bodnar LM, Bogen DL, Chang JC. Trends in perception of risk of regular marijuana use among US pregnant and nonpregnant reproductive-aged women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;217(6):705–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Marchand G, Masoud AT, Govindan M, et al. Birth outcomes of neonates exposed to marijuana in utero: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(1):e2145653.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tadesse AW, Dachew BA, Ayano G, Betts K, Alati R. Prenatal cannabis use and the risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2024;171:142–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sood S, Trasande L, Mehta-Lee SS, Brubaker SG, Ghassabian A, Jacobson MH. Maternal cannabis use in the perinatal period: data from the pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system marijuana supplement, 2016–2018. J Addict Med. 2022;16(4):e225–33.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Young-Wolff KC, Sarovar V, Tucker LY, et al. Self-reported daily, weekly, and monthly cannabis use among women before and during pregnancy. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(7):e196471.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ko JY, Coy KC, Haight SC, et al. Characteristics of marijuana use during pregnancy - eight states, pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(32):1058–63.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Floyd LJ. Perceived neighborhood disorder and frequency of marijuana use among emerging adult African American females. J Ethn Subst Abuse. 2022;21(2):570–84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reboussin BA, Green KM, Milam AJ, Furr-Holden CD, Ialongo NS. Neighborhood environment and urban African American marijuana use during high school. J Urban Health. 2014;91(6):1189–201.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Taggart T, Brown AL, Kershaw T. Neighborhood contexts and marijuana use among urban dwelling emerging adult men. Am J Mens Health. 2018;12(4):944–51.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brown RA, Dakkak H, Gilliland J, Seabrook JA. Predictors of drug use during pregnancy: the relative effects of socioeconomic, demographic, and mental health risk factors. J Neonatal Perinatal Med. 2019;12(2):179–87.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Young-Wolff KC, Adams SR, Padon A, et al. Association of cannabis retailer proximity and density with cannabis use among pregnant women in northern California after legalization of cannabis for recreational use. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(3):e210694.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Weden MM, Carpiano RM, Robert SA. Subjective and objective neighborhood characteristics and adult health. Soc Sci Med. 2008;66(6):1256–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schulz A, Williams D, Israel B, et al. Unfair treatment, neighborhood effects, and mental health in the Detroit metropolitan area. J Health Soc Behav. 2000;41(3):314–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boing AF, Boing AC, Wagner KJP, Saraiva SDS, Tomasi YT. Individual and contextual variables associated with smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Rev Bras Enferm. 2021;74(suppl 4):e20200804.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Patterson F, Seravalli L, Hanlon A, Nelson DB. Neighborhood safety as a correlate of tobacco use in a sample of urban, pregnant women. Addict Behav. 2012;37(10):1132–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sealy-Jefferson S, Giurgescu C, Helmkamp L, Misra DP, Osypuk TL. Perceived physical and social residential environment and preterm delivery in African-American women. Am J Epidemiol. 2015;182(6):485–93.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Echeverria SE, Diez-Roux AV, Link BG. Reliability of self-reported neighborhood characteristics. J Urban Health. 2004;81(4):682–701.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mujahid MS, Diez Roux AV, Morenoff JD, Raghunathan T. Assessing the measurement properties of neighborhood scales: from psychometrics to ecometrics. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165(8):858–67.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983;24(4):385–96.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sherbourne CD, Stewart AL. The MOS social support survey. Soc Sci Med. 1991;32(6):705–14.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Preacher KJ LG. Calculation for the Sobel test: An interactive calculation tool for mediation tests. https://quantpsy.org/sobel/sobel.htm. Accessed November 30, 2023.

Patterson JM, Eberly LE, Ding Y, Hargreaves M. Associations of smoking prevalence with individual and area level social cohesion. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2004;58(8):692–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alcalá HE, Sharif MZ, Albert SL. Social cohesion and the smoking behaviors of adults living with children. Addict Behav. 2016;53:201–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Furr-Holden CD, Lee MH, Milam AJ, Johnson RM, Lee KS, Ialongo NS. The growth of neighborhood disorder and marijuana use among urban adolescents: a case for policy and environmental interventions. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2011;72(3):371–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Miles R. Neighborhood disorder and smoking: findings of a European urban survey. Soc Sci Med. 2006;63(9):2464–75.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reboussin BA, Johnson RM, Green KM, Debra MF-HC, Ialongo NS, Milam AJ. Neighborhood context and transitions in marijuana use among urban young adults. Subst Use Misuse. 2019;54(7):1075–1085.

Unger JB, Vos RO, Wu JS, et al. Locations of licensed and unlicensed cannabis retailers in California: a threat to health equity? Prev Med Rep. 2020;19:101165.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tucker JS, Pollard MS, de la Haye K, Kennedy DP, Green HD Jr. Neighborhood characteristics and the initiation of marijuana use and binge drinking. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;128(1–2):83–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vadukapuram R, Chaudhari G, Trivedi C, et al. The association of psychological stressors with cannabis use during pregnancy: findings from the national survey on drug use and health 2017–2019. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2022;210(8):633–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Young-Wolff KC, Sarovar V, Tucker LY, et al. Association of depression, anxiety, and trauma with cannabis use during pregnancy. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(2):e1921333.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chang JC, Tarr JA, Holland CL, et al. Beliefs and attitudes regarding prenatal marijuana use: perspectives of pregnant women who report use. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;196:14–20.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tsai DH, Fo