Addo J, Ayerbe L, Mohan KM, Crichton S, Sheldenkar A, Chen R, Wolfe CD, McKevitt C. Socioeconomic status and stroke: an updated review. Stroke. 2012;43(4):1186–91. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.639732.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Melmed KR, Lewis A, Kuohn L, Marmo J, Rossan-Raghunath N, Torres J, Muralidharan R, Lord AS, Ishida K, Frontera JA. Association of neighborhood socioeconomic status with withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2024;102(3):e208039. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000208039.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

US Census Bureau. B19013: median household income in the past 12 months (in 2021 inflation-adjusted dollars). In: 2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. US Census Bureau ACSO, 2021.

US Census Bureau. DP03: selected economic characteristics. In: 2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. US Census Bureau ACSO, 2021.

Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)—A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42(2):377–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2008.08.010.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cuschieri S. The STROBE guidelines. Saudi J Anaesth. 2019;13(Suppl 1):S31–4. https://doi.org/10.4103/sja.SJA_543_18.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hoh BL, Ko NU, Amin-Hanjani S, Hsiang-Yi Chou S, Cruz-Flores S, Dangayach NS, Derdeyn CP, Du R, Hänggi D, Hetts SW, Ifejika NL, Johnson R, Keigher KM, Leslie-Mazwi TM, Lucke-Wold B, Rabinstein AA, Robicsek SA, Stapleton CJ, Suarez JI, Welch BG. 2023 Guideline for the management of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American stroke association. Stroke. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1161/str.0000000000000436.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Treggiari MM, Rabinstein AA, Busl KM, Caylor MM, Citerio G, Deem S, Diringer M, Fox E, Livesay S, Sheth KN, Suarez JI, Tjoumakaris S. Guidelines for the neurocritical care management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-023-01713-5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Connolly ES, Rabinstein AA, Carhuapoma JR, Derdeyn CP, Dion J, Higashida RT, Hoh BL, Kirkness CJ, Naidech AM, Ogilvy CS, Patel AB, Thompson BG, Vespa P. Guidelines for the Management of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Stroke. 2012;43(6):1711–37. https://doi.org/10.1161/str.0b013e3182587839.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Diringer MN, Bleck TP, Claude Hemphill J, Menon D, Shutter L, Vespa P, Bruder N, Connolly ES Jr, Citerio G, Gress D, Hänggi D, Hoh BL, Lanzino G, Le Roux P, Rabinstein A, Schmutzhard E, Stocchetti N, Suarez JI, Treggiari M, Tseng MY, Vergouwen MD, Wolf S, Zipfel G. Neurocritical Care Society Critical care management of patients following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: recommendations from the Neurocritical Care Society’s Multidisciplinary Consensus Conference. Neurocrit Care. 2011;15(2):211–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-011-9605-9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jaja BN, Saposnik G, Nisenbaum R, Schweizer TA, Reddy D, Thorpe KE, Macdonald RL. Effect of socioeconomic status on inpatient mortality and use of postacute care after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2013;44(10):2842–7. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001368.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rumalla K, Catapano JS, Mahadevan V, Sorkhi SR, Koester SW, Winkler EA, Graffeo CS, Srinivasan VM, Jha RM, Jadhav AP, Ducruet AF, Albuquerque FC, Lawton MT. Socioeconomic drivers of outcomes after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage treatment at a large comprehensive stroke center. World Neurosurg. 2023;173:e109–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2023.02.018.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mahajan UV, Khan HA, Zhou X, Srivatsa S, Wright CH, Bates AH, Sajatovic M, Bambakidis NC. Predictors of in-hospital mortality and home discharge in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a 4-year retrospective analysis. Neurocrit Care. 2023;38(1):85–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-022-01596-y.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nichols L, Gall S, Stankovich J, Stirling C. Associations between socioeconomic status and place of residence with survival after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Intern Med J. 2021;51(12):2095–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.15044.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kabangu JK, Fry L, Bhargav AG, Heskett C, Eden SV, Peterson JC, Camarata PJ, Ebersole K. Race and socioeconomic disparities in mortality and end-of-life care following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurointerv Surg. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnis-2023-020913.

Article  Google Scholar 

Choi HA, Fernandez A, Jeon SB, et al. Ethnic disparities in end-of-life care after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2015;22:423–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-014-0073-x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fraser SM, Torres GL, Cai C, Choi HA, Sharrief A, Chang TR. Race is a predictor of withdrawal of life support in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis Offic J Natl Stroke Assoc. 2018;27(11):3108–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.07.006.

Article  Google Scholar 

Alkhachroum A, Zhou L, Asdaghi N, Gardener H, Ying H, Gutierrez CM, Manolovitz BM, Samano D, Bass D, Foster D, Sur NB, Rose DZ, Jameson A, Massad N, Kottapally M, Merenda A, Starke RM, O’Phelan K, Romano JG, Claassen J, Rundek T. Predictors and temporal trends of withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy after acute stroke in the florida stroke registry. Critic Care Explorations. 2023;5(7):e0934. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCE.0000000000000934.

Article  Google Scholar 

Reznik ME, Moody S, Murray K, Costa S, Grory BM, Madsen TE, Mahta A, Wendell LC, Thompson BB, Rao SS, Stretz C, Sheth KN, Hwang DY, Zahuranec DB, Schrag M, Daiello LA, Asaad WF, Jones RN, Furie KL. The impact of delirium on withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2020;95(20):e2727–35. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000010738.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hobson C, Dortch J, Ozrazgat Baslanti T, Layon DR, Roche A, Rioux A, Harman JS, Fahy B, Bihorac A. Insurance status is associated with treatment allocation and outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(8): e105124. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105124.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Strickland BA, Mert M, Ravina K, Chartrain A, Rennert RC, Bakhsheshian J, Shahrestani S, Jackanich A, Amar A, Mack W, Russin JJ, Giannotta SL. Discrepancy in neurologic outcomes following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage as a function of socioeconomic class. World Neurosurg. 2020;138:e787–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2020.03.087.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lai PM, Dasenbrock H, Lin N, Du R. The impact of insurance status on the outcomes after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(10): e78047. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078047.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schupper AJ, Hardigan TA, Mehta A, Yim B, Yaeger KA, De Leacy R, Fifi JT, Mocco J, Majidi S. Sex and racial disparity in outcome of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in the United States: a 20-year analysis. Stroke. 2023;54(5):1347–56. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.122.041488.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Johnston SC, Selvin S, Gress DR. The burden, trends, and demographics of mortality from subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology. 1998;50(5):1413–8. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.50.5.1413.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prabhakaran S, Cox M, Lytle B, Schulte PJ, Xian Y, Zahuranec D, Smith EE, Reeves M, Fonarow GC, Schwamm LH. Early transition to comfort measures only in acute stroke patients: analysis from the get with the guidelines-stroke registry. Neurol Clin Pract. 2017;7(3):194–204. https://doi.org/10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000358.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shavers VL. Measurement of socioeconomic status in health disparities research. J Natl Med Assoc. 2007;99(9):1013–23.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar