Arnaldi G, Angeli A, Atkinson AB et al (2003) Diagnosis and complications of Cushing’s syndrome: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:5593–5602

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fleseriu M, Auchus R, Bancos I et al (2021) Consensus on diagnosis and management of Cushing’s disease: a guideline update. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 9(12):847e875

Article  Google Scholar 

Oldfield EH, Doppman JL, Nieman LK et al (1991) Petrosal sinus sampling with and without corticotropin-releasing hormone for the differential diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome. N Engl J Med 325(13):897e905

Article  Google Scholar 

Chen K, Chen S, Lu L et al (2021) An optimized pathway for the differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome based on low-dose dexamethasone suppression test. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 12:720823

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Colao A, Faggiano A, Pivonello R, Pecori Giraldi F, Cavagnini F, Lombardi G, Study Group of the Italian Endocrinology Society on the Pathophsiology of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal A (2001) Inferior petrosal sinus sampling in the diferential diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome: results of an Italian multicenter study. Eur J Endocrinol 144(5):499–507. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1440499

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bonelli FS, Huston J 3rd, Carpenter PC, Erickson D, Young WF Jr, Meyer FB (2000) Adrenocorticotropic hormone-dependent Cushing’s syndrome: sensitivity and specifcity of inferior petrosal sinus sampling. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21(4):690–696

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lindsay JR, Nieman LK (2005) Diferential diagnosis and imaging in Cushing’s syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 34(2):403–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2005.01.009. x

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Swearingen B, Katznelson L, Miller K, Grinspoon S, Waltman A, Dorer DJ, Klibanski A, Biller BM (2004) Diagnostic errors after inferior petrosal sinus sampling. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(8):3752–3763. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-032249

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Swearingen B, Katznelson L, Miller K et al (2004) Diagnostic errors after inferior petrosal sinus sampling. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(8):3752e3763

Article  Google Scholar 

Doppman JL, Chang R, Oldfield EH, Chrousos G, Stratakis CA, Nieman LK (1999) The hypoplastic inferior petrosal sinus: a potential source of false-negative results in petrosal sampling for Cushing’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84(2):533e540

Google Scholar 

Jarial KDS, Bhansali A, Mukherjee KK, Pal R, Gupta V, Sharma A, Vasishta RK, Sukumar SP, Sachdeva N, Walia R Prolactin-adjusted ACTH Ratio in Predicting Lateralization of ACTH Source During Simultaneous Bilateral Inferior Petrosal Sinus Sampling in Patients with Cushing’s Disease. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2019 Jan-Feb;23(1):56–59. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijem.IJEM_486_18. PMID: 31016154; PMCID: PMC6446680.

Findling JW, Kehoe ME, Raff H (2004) Identification of patients with Cushing’s disease with negative pituitary adrenocorticotropin gradients during inferior petrosal sinus sampling: prolactin as an index of pituitary venous effluent. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:6005–6009

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grant P, Dworakowska D, Carroll P (2012) Maximizing the accuracy of inferior petrosal sinus sampling: validation of the use of Prolactin as a marker of pituitary venous effluent in the diagnosis of Cushing’s disease. Clin Endocrinol 76:555–559

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

De Sousa SMC, McCormack AI, McGrath S, Torpy DJ (2017) Prolactin correction for adequacy of petrosal sinus cannulation may diminish diagnostic accuracy in Cushing’s disease. Clin Endocrinol 87:515–512

Article  Google Scholar 

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD et al (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Syst Rev 10(1):89

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Whiting PF, Rutjes AW, Westwood ME et al (2011) QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. Ann Intern Med 155:529–536

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Apaydin T, Yasar M, Baltacioglu F, Haklar G, Gogas Yavuz D (2022) Does concomitant prolactin measurement ıncrease the accuracy of ınferior petrosal sinus sampling? Neuroradiology 64(7):1411–1418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-021-02886-6Epub 2022 Jan 22. PMID: 35064296

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ishida A, Asakuno K, Shiramizu H, Yoshimoto H, Nakase K, Kato M, Hirayama M, Sato H, Matsuo S, Miki N, Ono M, Yamada S (2021) Revalidation of inferior petrosal sinus sampling: the latest results from a single-center experience. Endocr J 68(10):1217–1223. https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.EJ21-0156Epub 2021 May 28. PMID: 34053993

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Akbari H, Ghorbani M, Kabootari M, Mehrjardi AZ, Mohajeri Tehrani MR, Malek M, Khamseh ME (2020) Usefulness of prolactin measurement in inferior petrosal sinus sampling with desmopressin for Cushing’s syndrome. Br J Neurosurg 34(3):253–257 Epub 2020 Apr 2. PMID: 32238018

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Sousa SMC, McCormack AI, McGrath S, Torpy DJ (2017) Prolactin correction for adequacy of petrosal sinus cannulation may diminish diagnostic accuracy in Cushing’s disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 87(5):515–522. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.13401Epub 2017 Jul 24. PMID: 28626863

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Qiao X, Ye H, Zhang X, Zhao W, Zhang S, Lu B, Wang X, Zhang Z, Wu X, He M, Zhao X, Li S, Zhou L, Yang Y, Hu R, Li Y (2015) The value of prolactin in inferior petrosal sinus sampling with desmopressin stimulation in Cushing’s disease. Endocrine 48(2):644–652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-014-0338-3Epub 2014 Jul 17. PMID: 25030549

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grant P, Dworakowska D, Carroll P (2012) Maximizing the accuracy of Inferior petrosal sinus sampling: validation of the use of Prolactin as a marker of pituitary venous effluent in the diagnosis of Cushing’s disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 76(4):555-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04257.x. PMID: 22017348

Mulligan GB, Eray E, Faiman C, Gupta M, Pineyro MM, Makdissi A, Suh JH, Masaryk TJ, Prayson R, Weil RJ, Hamrahian AH Reduction of false-negative results in inferior petrosal sinus sampling with simultaneous prolactin and corticotropin measurement. Endocr Pract. 2011 Jan-Feb;17(1):33–40. https://doi.org/10.4158/EP10067.OR. PMID: 20713347

Sharma ST, Raff H, Nieman LK (2011) Prolactin as a marker of successful catheterization during IPSS in patients with ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(12):3687–3694. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-2149Epub 2011 Oct 26. PMID: 22031511; PMCID: PMC3232627

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McNally PG, Bolia A, Absalom SR, Falconer-Smith J, Howlett TA (1993) Preliminary observations using endocrine markers of pituitary venous dilution during bilateral simultaneous inferior petrosal sinus catheterization in Cushing’s syndrome: is combined CRF and TRH stimulation of value? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 39(6):681-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1993.tb02427.x. PMID: 8287587

Javorsky BR, Findling JW (2010) Inferior petrosal sampling for the differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome. In: Bronstein M (ed) Cushing’s syndrome: contemporary endocrinology. Humana, Totowa, NJ, pp 105–119

Chapter  Google Scholar 

McNally PG, Bolia A, Absalom SR et al (1993) Preliminary observations using endocrine markers of pituitary venous dilution during bilateral simultaneous inferior petrosal sinus catheterization in Cushing’s syndrome: is combined CRF and TRH stimulation of value? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 39:681–686

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grant P, Dworakowska D, Carroll P (2012) Maximizing the accuracy of Inferior petrosal sinus sampling: validation of the use of Prolactin as a marker of pituitary venous effluent in the diagnosis of Cushing’s disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 76:555–559

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Qiao X, Ye H, Zhang X et al (2015) The value of prolactin in inferior petrosal sinus sampling with desmopressin stimulation in Cushing’s disease. Endocrine 48:644–652

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sharma ST, Nieman LK (2013) Is prolactin measurement of value during inferior petrosal sinus sampling in patients with adrenocorticotropic hormone -dependent Cushing’s syndrome? J Endocrinol Invest 36:1112–1116

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sharma ST, Raff H, Nieman LK (2011) Prolactin as a marker of successful catheterization during IPSS in patients with ACTH -dependent Cushing’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:3687–3694

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sharma ST, Nieman LK (2013) Is prolactin measurement of value during inferior petrosal sinus sampling in patients with ACTHdependent Cushing’s syndrome? J Endocrinol Invest 36:1112–1116

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Qiao X, Ye H, Zhang X, Zhao W, Zhang S, Lu B et al (2015) The value of prolactin in inferior petrosal sinus sampling with desmopressin stimulation in Cushing’s disease. Endocrine 48:644–652

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Detomas M, Ritzel K, Nasi-Kordhishti I, Schernthaner-Reiter MH, Losa M, Tröger V, Altieri B, Kroiss M, Kickuth R, Fassnacht M, Micko A, Honegger J, Reincke M, Deutschbein T Bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling with human CRH stimulation in ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome: results from a retrospective multicenter study. Eur J Endocrinol 2023 May 18:lvad050. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejendo/lvad050. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37200460.