Coburn SB, Bray F, Sherman ME, Trabert B. International patterns and trends in ovarian cancer incidence, overall and by histologic subtype. Int J Cancer. 2017;140:2451–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yun BS, Park EH, Ha J, Lee JY, Lee KH, Lee TS, et al. Incidence and survival of gynecologic cancer including cervical, uterine, ovarian, vaginal, vulvar cancer and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia in Korea, 1999-2019: Korea Central Cancer Registry. Obstet Gynecol Sci. 2023;66:545–61.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Han B, Zheng R, Zeng H, Wang S, Sun K, Chen R, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2022. J Natl Cancer Cent. 2024;4:47–53.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cabasag CJ, Arnold M, Butler J, Inoue M, Trabert B, Webb PM, et al. The influence of birth cohort and calendar period on global trends in ovarian cancer incidence. Int J Cancer. 2020;146:749–58.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gay GM, Lim JS, Chay WY, Chow KY, Tan MH, Lim WY. Reproductive factors, adiposity, breastfeeding and their associations with ovarian cancer in an Asian cohort. Cancer Causes Control. 2015;26:1561–73.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huang Z, Gao Y, Wen W, Li H, Zheng W, Shu XO, et al. Contraceptive methods and ovarian cancer risk among Chinese women: A report from the Shanghai Women’s Health Study. Int J Cancer. 2015;137:607–14.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zheng W, McLerran DF, Rolland B, Zhang X, Inoue M, Matsuo K, et al. Association between body-mass index and risk of death in more than 1 million Asians. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:719–29.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Katagiri R, Iwasaki M, Abe SK, Islam MR, Rahman MS, Saito E, et al. Reproductive factors and endometrial cancer risk among women. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6:e2332296.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific. The Asia-Pacific perspective: redefining obesity and its treatment: Sydney: Health Communications Australia; 2000.

Vang R, Shih I, Kurman RJ. Ovarian low-grade and high-grade serous carcinoma: pathogenesis, clinicopathologic and molecular biologic features, and diagnostic problems. Adv Anat Pathol. 2009;16:267–82.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. 1986;7:177–88.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grambsch P, Therneau T. Proportional hazards tests and diagnostics based on weighted residuals. Biometrika. 1994;81:515–26.

Article  Google Scholar 

Therneau T. A Package for Survival Analysis in S. 2014. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=survival 12 September 2014, date last accessed.

Lumley T. Rmeta: Meta-analysis. 2012. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rmeta. (27 August 2015, date last accessed).

R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. 2014. http://www.R-project.org/. (12 September 2014, date last accessed).

Wentzensen N, Poole EM, Trabert B, White E, Arslan AA, Patel AV, et al. Ovarian cancer risk factors by histologic subtype: an analysis from the ovarian cancer cohort consortium. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:2888–98.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fathalla MF. Incessant ovulation - a factor in ovarian neoplasia? Lancet. 1971;2:163.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cramer DW, Welch WR. Determinants of ovarian cancer risk. II. Inferences regarding pathogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1983;71:717–21.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Risch HA. Hormonal etiology of epithelial ovarian cancer, with a hypothesis concerning the role of androgens and progesterone. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90:1774–86.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adami HO, Hsieh CC, Lambe M, Trichopoulos D, Leon D, Persson I, et al. Parity, age at first childbirth, and risk of ovarian cancer. Lancet. 1994;344:1250–4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Husby A, Wohlfahrt J, Melbye M. Pregnancy duration and ovarian cancer risk: A 50-year nationwide cohort study. Int J Cancer 2022;151:1717–25.

Lee AW, Rosenzweig S, Wiensch A, Ramus SJ, Menon U, Gentry-Maharaj A, et al. Expanding Our Understanding of Ovarian Cancer Risk: The Role of Incomplete Pregnancies. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2021;113:301–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kurman RJ, Shih I. Molecular pathogenesis and extraovarian origin of epithelial ovarian cancer-shifting the paradigm. Hum Pathol. 2011;42:918–31.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jarboe EA, Folkins AK, Drapkin R, Ince TA, Agoston ES, Crum CP. Tubal and ovarian pathways to pelvic epithelial cancer: a pathological perspective. Histopathology. 2008;53:127–38.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jasienska G, Bribiescas RG, Furberg AS, Helle S, Núñez-de la Mora A. Human reproduction and health: an evolutionary perspective. Lancet. 2017;390:510–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brown SB, Hankinson SE. Endogenous estrogens and the risk of breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancers. Steroids. 2015;99:8–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lukanova A, Kaaks R. Endogenous hormones and ovarian cancer: epidemiology and current hypotheses. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2005;14:98–107.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Collaborative Group on Epidemiological Studies of Ovarian Cancer. Ovarian cancer and body size: individual participant meta-analysis including 25,157 women with ovarian cancer from 47 epidemiological studies. PLoS Med. 2012;9:e1001200.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Diet, nutrition, physical activity and ovarian cancer. 2018. https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/ovarian-cancer-report.pdf. (10 August 2022, date last accessed).

Sung J, Song YM, Lawlor DA, Smith GD, Ebrahim S. Height and site-specific cancer risk: A cohort study of a Korean adult population. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;170:53–64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Choi YJ, Lee DH, Han KD, Yoon H, Shin CM, Park YS, et al. Adult height in relation to risk of cancer in a cohort of 22,809,722 Korean adults. Br J Cancer. 2019;120:668–74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dixon-Suen SC, Nagle CM, Thrift AP, Pharoah PDP, Ewing A, Pearce CL, et al. Adult height is associated with increased risk of ovarian cancer: a Mendelian randomisation study. Br J Cancer. 2018;118:1123–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Continuous Update Project Expert Report 2018. Height and birthweight and the risk of cancer. 2018. https://www.wcrf.org/sites/default/files/Height-and-birthweight_0.pdf. (10 August 2022, date last accessed).

Giovannucci E. A growing link-what is the role of height in cancer risk? Br J Cancer. 2019;120:575–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Le Roith D, Bondy C, Yakar S, Liu JL, Butler A. The somatomedin hypothesis: 2001. Endocr Rev. 2001;22:53–74.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Larsson SC, Carter P, Vithayathil M, Kar S, Mason AM, Burgess S. Insulin-like growth factor-1 and site-specific cancers: A Mendelian randomization study. Cancer Med. 2020;9:6836–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Collaborative Group on Epidemiological Studies of Ovarian Cancer. Ovarian cancer and oral contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of data from 45 epidemiological studies including 23,257 women with ovarian cancer and 87,303 controls. Lancet. 2008;371:303–14.

Article