Diwan, A. D. & Melrose, J. Intervertebral disc degeneration and how it leads to low back pain. JOR Spine 6, e1231 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gill, T. K. et al. Global, regional, and national burden of other musculoskeletal disorders, 1990-2020, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Rheumatol. 5, e670–e682 (2023).

Article  Google Scholar 

Mengis, T. et al. Intervertebral disc microbiome in Modic changes: lack of result replication underscores the need for a consensus in low-biomass microbiome analysis. JOR Spine 7, e1330 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Burt, K. G., Kim, M. K. M., Viola, D. C., Abraham, A. C. & Chahine, N. O. Nuclear factor κB overactivation in the intervertebral disc leads to macrophage recruitment and severe disc degeneration. Sci. Adv. 10, eadj3194 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen, F. et al. Serglycin secreted by late-stage nucleus pulposus cells is a biomarker of intervertebral disc degeneration. Nat. Commun. 15, 47, 9 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Capoor, M. N. et al. Prevalence of Propionibacterium acnes in intervertebral discs of patients undergoing lumbar microdiscectomy: a prospective cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE 11, e0161676 (2016).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rajasekaran, S. et al. “Are we barking up the wrong tree? Too much emphasis on Cutibacterium acnes and ignoring other pathogens”— a study based on next-generation sequencing of normal and diseased discs. Spine J. 23, 1414–1426 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Song, C. et al. An in-depth analysis of the immunomodulatory mechanisms of intervertebral disc degeneration. JOR Spine 5, e1233 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar