Byrne RA, Rossello X, Coughlan JJ, Barbato E, Berry C, Chieffo A, et al. 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(38):3720–826.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Stone E. An account of the success of the bark of the willow tree in the cure of agues. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1763;53:195.

Weiss HJ, Aledort LM. Impaired platelet-connective-tissue reaction in man after aspirin ingestion. Lancet. 1967;2:495–7.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Awtry EH, Loscalzo J. Aspirin. Circulation. 2000;101(10):1206–18.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

McNeil JJ, Wolfe R, Woods RL, Tonkin AM, Donnan GA, Nelson MR, et al. Effect of aspirin on cardiovascular events and bleeding in the healthy elderly. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(16):1509–18.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gaziano JM, Brotons C, Coppolecchia R, Cricelli C, Darius H, Gorelick PB, et al. Use of aspirin to reduce risk of initial vascular events in patients at moderate risk of cardiovascular disease (ARRIVE): a randomised double-blind placebo controlled trial. Lancet. 2018;392(10152):1036–46.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bowman L, Mafham M, Wallendszus K, Stevens W, Buck G, Barton J, et al. Effects of aspirin in primary prevention in persons with diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(16):1529–39.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Baigent C, Blackwell L, Collins R, Emberson J, Godwin J, Peto R, Antithrombotic Trialists’ (ATT) Collaboration, et al. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet. 2009;373:1849–60.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

ISIS‑2 Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS‑2. Lancet. 1988;2(8607):349–60.

Google Scholar 

ACC/AHA Task Force. ACC/AHA task force report. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990;16:249–92.

Article  Google Scholar 

Tataris K, Mercer MP, Govindarajan P. Prehospital aspirin administration for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the USA: an EMS quality assessment using the NEMSIS 2011 database. Emerg Med J. 2015;32(11):876–81.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Kundan P, Kraft D, Parekh R, Singh S, et al. Early assessment of the pharmakokinetic and pharmkodynamic effects following acetylsalicylic acid loading: toward a definition for acute therapeutic response. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2024;57(1):21–8.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Santos RC, Goulart AC, Kisukuri AL, Brandão RM, Sitnik D, Staniak HL. Time-to-treatment of acute coronary syndrome and unit of first contact in the ERICO study. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2016;107(4):323–30.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Freimark D, Metetzky S, Leor J, Boyko V, Barbash IM, Behar S. Timing of aspirin administration as a determinant of survival of patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolysis. Am J Cardiol. 2002;89(4):381–5.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Djarv T, Swain JM, Chang WT, Zideman DA, Singletary E. Early or first aid administration versus late or in-hospital administration of aspirin for non-traumatic adult chest pain: a systematic review. Cureus. 2020;12(2).

Nordt SP, Clark RF, Castillo EM, Guss DA. Comparison of three aspirin formulations in human volunteers. West J Emerg Med. 2011;12(4):381–5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Atar D, Sarkar S, Kolev E, Mura C, Brosstad F, Theodorsen L, et al. Randomized open-label crossover trial comparing the pharmakokinetic profile of a novel oral aspirin solution and a chewed aspirin tablet. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2022;60(10):430–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kaur H, Sarma P, Bhattacharyya A, Rohit M, Prajapat M, Kumar S, et al. Role of intravenous versus oral aspirin in the treatment of acute coronary syndrome: answering a clinical query by systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Indian J Pharmacol. 2023;55(2):133–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Eikelboom JW, Mehta SR, Anand SS, Xie C, Fox KA, Yusuf S. Adverse impact of bleeding on prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2006;114:774–82.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stone GW, Witzenbichler B, Guagliumi G, Peruga JZ, Brodie BR, Dudek D, HORIZONS-AMI Trial Investigators, et al. Bivalirudin during primary PCI in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2218–30.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Valgimigli M, Gagnor A, Calabro P, Frigoli E, Leonardi S, Zaro T, MATRIX Investigators, et al. Radial versus femoral access in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing invasive management: a randomised multicentre trial. Lancet. 2015;385:2465–76.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Simonsson M, Wallentin L, Alfredsson J, Erlinge D, Ängerud KH, Hofman R, et al. Temporal trends in bleeding events in acute myocardial infarction: insights from the SWEDEHEART registry. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(7):833–43.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, Amsterdam E, Bhatt DL, Birtcher KK, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/ SCMR guideline for the evaluation and diagnosis of chest pain: a report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2022;16(1):54–122.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hoorweg BB, Willemsen RT, Cleef LE, Boogaerts T, Buntinx F, Glatz JF. Frequency of chest pain in primary care, diagnostic tests performed and final diagnoses. Heart. 2017;103:1727–32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schillinger M, Sodeck G, Meron G, Janata K, Nikfardjam M, Rauscha F, et al. Acute chest pain—identification of patients at low risk for coronary events. The impact of symptoms, medical history and risk factors. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2004;116:116–89.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mahajan S, Valero-Elizondo J, Khera R, Desai NR, Blankstein R, Blaha MJ, et al. Variation and disparities in awareness of myocardial infarction symptoms among adults in the United States. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2:e1917885.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Patel A, Fang J, Gillespie C, Odom E, Luncheon C, Ayala C. Awareness of heart attack signs and symptoms and calling 9‑1‑1 among US adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(7):808–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Birnbach B, Höpner J, Mikolajczyk R. Cardiac symptom attribution and knowledge of the symptoms of acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2020;20:445.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sharma A, Vidusha K, Suresh H, et al. Global awareness of myocardial infarction symptoms in general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Korean Circ J. 2021;51:983–96.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cannesson M, Burckard E, Lefevre M, Bastien O, Lehot JL. Predictors of in-hospital mortality in the surgical management of acute type a aortic dissections: impact of anticoagulant therapies. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 2004;23(6):568–74.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jiang X, Khan F, Shi E, Fan R, Qian X, Zhang H, et al. Outcomes of preoperative antiplatelet therapy in patients with acute type A aortic dissection. J Card Surg. 2022;37(1):53–61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Elwood PC, Morgan G, Galante J, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials to ascertain fatal gastrointestinal bleeding events attributable to preventive low-dose aspirin: no evidence of increased risk. Plos One. 2016;11:e166166.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Quan D, LoVecchio F, Gallagher JV. Prehospital use of aspirin rarely is associated with adverse events. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2004;19(4):362–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar