Dubey JP. Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2021.

Book  Google Scholar 

Smith NC, Goulart C, Hayward JA, Kupz A, Miller CM, van Dooren GG. Control of human toxoplasmosis. Int J Parasitol. 2021;51(2–3):95–121.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Elsheikha HM, Marra CM, Zhu XQ. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of cerebral toxoplasmosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2021;34(1):e00115-19.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Molan A, Nosaka K, Hunter M, Wang W. Global status of Toxoplasma gondii infection: systematic review and prevalence snapshots. Trop Biomed. 2019;36(4):898–925.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Álvarez García G, Davidson R, Jokelainen P, Klevar S, Spano F, Seeber F. Identification of oocyst-driven Toxoplasma gondii infections in humans and animals through stage-specific serology-current status and future perspectives. Microorganisms. 2021;9(11):2346.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pinto-Ferreira F, Caldart ET, Pasquali AKS, Mitsuka-Breganó R, Freire RL, Navarro IT. Patterns of transmission and sources of infection in outbreaks of human toxoplasmosis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25(12):2177–82.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Montazeri M, Mikaeili Galeh T, Moosazadeh M, Sarvi S, Dodangeh S, Javidnia J, et al. The global serological prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in felids during the last five decades (1967–2017): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13:82.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dubey JP. Duration of immunity to shedding of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts by cats. J Parasitol. 1995;81(3):410–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dubey JP. Oocyst shedding by cats fed isolated bradyzoites and comparison of infectivity of bradyzoites of the VEG strain Toxoplasma gondii to cats and mice. J Parasitol. 2001;87(1):215–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shapiro K, Bahia-Oliveira L, Dixon B, Dumètre A, de Wit LA, VanWormer E, et al. Environmental transmission of Toxoplasma gondii: oocysts in water, soil and food. Food Waterborne Parasitol. 2019;15:e00049.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

López Ureña NM, Chaudhry U, Calero Bernal R, Cano Alsua S, Messina D, Evangelista F, et al. Contamination of soil, water, fresh produce, and bivalve mollusks with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts: a systematic review. Microorganisms. 2022;10(3):517.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Maleki B, Ahmadi N, Olfatifar M, Gorgipour M, Taghipour A, Abdoli A, et al. Toxoplasma oocysts in the soil of public places worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2021;115(5):471–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cong W, Zhang NZ, Hu RS, Zou FC, Zou Y, Zhong WY, et al. Prevalence, risk factors and genotype distribution of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in soil in China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2020;189:109999.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferreira FP, Caldart ET, Freire RL, Mitsuka-Breganó R, Freitas FM, Miura AC, et al. The effect of water source and soil supplementation on parasite contamination in organic vegetable gardens. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2018;27(3):327–37.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deng H, Exel KE, Swart A, Bonačić Marinović AA, Dam-Deisz C, van der Giessen JWB, et al. Digging into Toxoplasma gondii infections via soil: a quantitative microbial risk assessment approach. Sci Total Environ. 2021;755(Pt 2):143232.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Galvani AT, Christ APG, Padula JA, Barbosa MRF, de Araújo RS, Sato MIZ, et al. Real-time PCR detection of Toxoplasma gondii in surface water samples in São Paulo, Brazil. Parasitol Res. 2019;118(2):631–40.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Wit LA, Kilpatrick AM, VanWormer E, Croll DA, Tershy BR, Kim M, et al. Seasonal and spatial variation in Toxoplasma gondii contamination in soil in urban public spaces in California, United States. Zoonoses Public Health. 2020;67(1):70–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adamska M. Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in natural surface water bodies in Poland. J Water Health. 2018;16(4):657–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Felicio P, Villalobos E, Lara M, Cunha E, Carvalho P, Chiebao D, et al. Eco-epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in ruminant and the experimental model evidence from mice bioassay for transmission of infection starting of contaminated soil samples confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and indirect immunofluoresce reaction (RIFI) techniques diagnostic. Glob Vet. 2011;6(1):78–90.

Google Scholar 

dos Santos TR, Nunes CM, Luvizotto MC, de Moura AB, Lopes WD, da Costa AJ, et al. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in environmental samples from public schools. Vet Parasitol. 2010;171(1–2):53–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dobhal S, Zhang G, Rohla C, Smith MW, Ma LM. A simple, rapid, cost-effective and sensitive method for detection of Salmonella in environmental and pecan samples. J Appl Microbiol. 2014;117(4):1181–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jee H, Park S, Lee J, Lim CS, Jang WS. Comparative clinical evaluation of a novel FluA/FluB/SARS-CoV-2 multiplex LAMP and commercial FluA/FluB/SARS-CoV-2/RSV RT-qPCR assays. Diagnostics. 2023;13(8):1432.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wells B, Shaw H, Innocent G, Guido S, Hotchkiss E, Parigi M, et al. Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in water samples from Scotland and a comparison between the 529 bp real-time PCR and ITS1 nested PCR. Water Res. 2015;87:175–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ware MW, Augustine SA, Erisman DO, See MJ, Wymer L, Hayes SL, et al. Determining UV inactivation of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts by using cell culture and a mouse bioassay. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010;76(15):5140–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Notomi T, Okayama H, Masubuchi H, Yonekawa T, Watanabe K, Amino N, et al. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000;28(12):e63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wong YP, Othman S, Lau YL, Radu S, Chee HY. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): a versatile technique for detection of micro-organisms. J Appl Microbiol. 2018;124(3):626–43.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lau YL, Meganathan P, Sonaimuthu P, Thiruvengadam G, Nissapatorn V, Chen Y. Specific, sensitive, and rapid diagnosis of active toxoplasmosis by a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method using blood samples from patients. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48(10):3698–702.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kang Y, Su G, Yu Y, Cao J, Wang J, Yan B. CRISPR-Cas12a-based aptasensor for on-site and highly sensitive detection of microcystin-LR in freshwater. Environ Sci Technol. 2022;56(7):4101–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Perez Rojo F, Nyman RKM, Johnson AAT, Navarro MP, Ryan MH, Erskine W, et al. CRISPR-Cas systems: ushering in the new genome editing era. Bioengineered. 2018;9(1):214–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Srivastava S, Upadhyay DJ, Srivastava A. Next-generation molecular diagnostics development by CRISPR/Cas tool: rapid detection and surveillance of viral disease outbreaks. Front Mol Biosci. 2020;7:582499.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gadwal A, Roy D, Khokhar M, Modi A, Sharma P, Purohit P. CRISPR/Cas-new molecular scissors in diagnostics and therapeutics of COVID-19. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2021;36(4):459–67.

Article