Down the road towards hepatic encephalopathy. The elusive ammonia– what determines the arterial concentration?

Baertl JM, Sancetta SM, Gabuzda GJ (1963) Relation of acute potassium depletion to renal ammonium metabolism in patients with cirrhosis. J Clin Invest 42:696–706

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bajaj JS, Bloom PP, Chung RT, Hassanein TI, Padilla-Martinez M, Kayali Z, Rockey DC, Sasso R, Muthukumar AR, Lee WM, Denney WS, Gavis EA, Anderson C, Blankstein L, Brennan AM, Puurunen MK, Lawitz E (2020) Variability and lability of ammonia levels in healthy volunteers and patients with cirrhosis: implications for trial design and clinical practice. Am J Gastroenterol 115:783–785

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Balcar L, Krawanja J, Scheiner B, Paternostro R, Simbrunner B, Semmler G, Jachs M, Hartl L, Stättermayer AF, Schwabl P, Pinter M, Szekeres T, Trauner M, Reiberger T, Mandorfer M (2023) Impact of ammonia levels on outcome in clinically stable outpatients with advanced chronic liver disease. JHEP Rep 5:100682

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bernal W, Hall C, Karvellas CJ, Auzinger G, Sizer E, Wendon J (2007) Arterial ammonia and clinical risk factors for encephalopathy and intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure. Hepatology 46:1844–1852

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bjorck M, Bergqvist D (2006) Blood-flow of the inferior mesenteric and internal iliac arteries among patients undergoing open surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm. Vasa 35:11–14

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burkart DJ, Johnson CD, Ehman RL (1993) Correlation of arterial and venous blood flow in the mesenteric system based on MR findings. 1993 ARRS Executive Council award. AJR Am J Roentgenol 161:1279–1282

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chiriac S, Stanciu C, Cojocariu C, Singeap AM, Sfarti C, Cuciureanu T, Girleanu I, Igna RA, Trifan A (2021) Role of ammonia in predicting the outcome of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. World J Clin Cases 9:552–564

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Clemmesen JO, Larsen FS, Kondrup J, Hansen BA, Ott P (1999) Cerebral herniation in patients with acute liver failure is correlated with arterial ammonia concentration. Hepatology 29:648–653

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Clemmesen JO, Kondrup J, Ott P (2000) Splanchnic and leg exchange of amino acids and ammonia in acute liver failure. Gastroenterology 118:1131–1139

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cosgrove KP, Mazure CM, Staley JK (2007) Evolving knowledge of sex differences in brain structure, function, and chemistry. Biol Psychiat 62:847–55

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dam G, Keiding S, Munk OL, Ott P, Buhl M, Vilstrup H, Bak LK, Waagepetersen HS, Schousboe A, Møller N, Sørensen M (2011) Branched-chain amino acids increase arterial blood ammonia in spite of enhanced intrinsic muscle ammonia metabolism in patients with cirrhosis and healthy subjects. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 301:G269–G277

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dam G, Keiding S, Munk OL, Ott P, Vilstrup H, Bak LK, Waagepetersen HS, Schousboe A, Sørensen M (2013) Hepatic encephalopathy is associated with decreased cerebral oxygen metabolism and blood flow, not increased ammonia uptake. Hepatology 57:258–265

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dasarathy S, Mookerjee RP, Rackayova V, Rangroo Thrane V, Vairappan B, Ott P, Rose CF (2017) Ammonia toxicity: from head to toe? Metab Brain Dis 32:529–538

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deutsch-Link S, Moon AM, Jiang Y, th Barritt AS, Tapper EB (2022) Serum ammonia in cirrhosis: clinical impact of hyperammonemia, utility of testing, and national testing trends. Clin Ther 44:e45–e57

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dietrich R, Bachmann C, Lauterburg BH (1990) Exercise-induced hyperammonemia in patients with compensated chronic liver disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 25:329–334

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Drolz A, Jäger B, Wewalka M, Saxa R, Horvatits T, Roedl K, Perkmann T, Zauner C, Kramer L, Ferenci P, Fuhrmann V (2013) Clinical impact of arterial ammonia levels in ICU patients with different liver diseases. Intensive Care Med 39:1227–1237

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eriksen PL, Djernes L, Vilstrup H, Ott P (2023) Clearance and production of ammonia quantified in humans by constant ammonia infusion - the effects of cirrhosis and ammonia-targeting treatments. J Hepatol 79:340–348

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Esbjörnsson M, Bülow J, Norman B, Simonsen L, Nowak J, Rooyackers O, Kaijser L, Jansson E (2006) Adipose tissue extracts plasma ammonia after sprint exercise in women and men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 101:1576–1580

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Evans WB, Aoyagi T, Summerskill WH (1966) Gastrointestinal urease in man. II. Urea hydrolysis and ammonia absorption in upper and lower gut lumen and the effect of neomycin. Gut 7:635–639

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gabduzda GJ, Hall PW 3rd (1966) Relation of potassium depletion to renal ammonium metabolism and hepatic coma. Medicine (Baltimore) 45:481–90

Gairing SJ, Mangini C, Zarantonello L, Gioia S, Nielsen EJ, Danneberg S, Gabriel M, Ehrenbauer AF, Bloom PP, Ripoll C, Sultanik P, Galle PR, Labenz J, Thabut D, Zipprich A, Lok AS, Weissenborn K, Marquardt JU, Lauridsen MM, Nardelli S, Montagnese S, Labenz C (2023) Prevalence of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver cirrhosis: a multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol

Gibson JA, Sladen GE, Dawson AM (1976) Protein absorption and ammonia production: the effects of dietary protein and removal of the colon. Br J Nutr 35:61–65

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gluud LL, Dam G, Les I, Córdoba J, Marchesini G, Borre M, Aagaard NK, Vilstrup H (2015) Branched-chain amino acids for people with hepatic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Cd001939

Goh ET, Stokes CS, Sidhu SS, Vilstrup H, Gluud LL, Morgan MY (2018) L-ornithine L-aspartate for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 5:Cd012410

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Groszmann R, Kotelanski B, Cohn JN, Khatri IM (1972) Quantitation of portasystemic shunting from the splenic and mesenteric beds in alcoholic liver disease. Am J Med 53:715–722

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hansen BA, Vilstrup H (1985) Increased intestinal hydrolysis of urea in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Scand J Gastroenterol 20:346–350

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harris AN, Skankar M, Melanmed M, Batlle D (2023) An update on Kidney Ammonium Transport along the Nephron. Adv Kidney Dis Health 30:189–196

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Häussinger D, Dhiman RK, Felipo V, Görg B, Jalan R, Kircheis G, Merli M, Montagnese S, Romero-Gomez M, Schnitzler A, Taylor-Robinson SD, Vilstrup H (2022) Hepatic encephalopathy. Nat Rev Dis Primers 8:43

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu C, Huang K, Zhao L, Zhang F, Wu Z, Li L (2020) Serum ammonia is a strong prognostic factor for patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Sci Rep 10:16970

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jackson AA, Picou D, Landman J (1984) The non-invasive measurement of urea kinetics in normal man by a constant infusion of 15N15N-urea. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 38:339–354

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

James LA, Lunn PG, Middleton S, Elia M (1998) Distribution of glutaminase and glutamine synthetase activities in the human gastrointestinal tract. Clin Sci (Lond) 94:313–319

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Katz A, Broberg S, Sahlin K, Wahren J (1986) Muscle ammonia and amino acid metabolism during dynamic exercise in man. Clin Physiol 6:365–379

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaufman JJ (1984) Ammoniagenic coma following ureterosigmoidostomy. J Urol 131:743–745

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

留言 (0)

沒有登入
gif