Maron, B. J., Estes, N. A. M., Rowin, E. J., Maron, M. S. & Reynolds, M. R. Development of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: JACC historical breakthroughs in perspective. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 82, 353–373 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Malgie, J., Clephas, P. R. D., Brunner-La Rocca, H. P., de Boer, R. A. & Brugts, J. J. Guideline-directed medical therapy for HFrEF: sequencing strategies and barriers for life-saving drug therapy. Heart Fail. Rev. 28, 1221–1234 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jones, N. R., Hobbs, F. R. & Taylor, C. J. Prognosis following a diagnosis of heart failure and the role of primary care: a review of the literature. BJGP Open 1, bjgpopen17X101013 (2017).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bozkurt, B. et al. Heart failure epidemiology and outcomes statistics: a report of the Heart Failure Society of America. J. Card. Fail. 29, 1412–1451 (2023).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Packer, M. Sudden unexpected death in patients with congestive heart failure: a second frontier. Circulation 72, 681–685 (1985).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gradman, A. et al. Predictors of total mortality and sudden death in mild to moderate heart failure. Captopril-Digoxin Study Group. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 14, 564–570 (1989).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Unverferth, D. V. et al. Factors influencing the one-year mortality of dilated cardiomyopathy. Am. J. Cardiol. 54, 147–152 (1984).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Al-Khatib, S. M. et al. 2017 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 138, e272–e391 (2018).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moss, A. J. et al. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. 335, 1933–1940 (1996).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moss, A. J. et al. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N. Engl. J. Med. 346, 877–883 (2002).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bardy, G. H. et al. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 225–237 (2005).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ammannaya, G. K. K. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators — the past, present and future. Arch. Med. Sci. Atheroscler. Dis. 5, e163–e170 (2020).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Beck, C. S., Pritchard, W. H. & Feil, H. S. Ventricular fibrillation of long duration abolished by electric shock. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 135, 985 (1947).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schuder, J. C., Stoeckle, H., Gold, J. H., West, J. A. & Keskar, P. Y. Experimental ventricular defibrillation with an automatic and completely implanted system. Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Intern. Organs 16, 207–212 (1970).

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mirowski, M., Mower, M. M., Staewen, W. S., Tabatznik, B. & Mendeloff, A. I. Standby automatic defibrillator. An approach to prevention of sudden coronary death. Arch. Intern. Med. 126, 158–161 (1970).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mirowski, M., Mower, M. M., Gott, V. L. & Brawley, R. K. Feasibility and effectiveness of low-energy catheter defibrillation in man. Circulation 47, 79–85 (1973).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lown, B. & Axelrod, P. Implanted standby defibrillators. Circulation 46, 637–639 (1972).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mirowski, M. et al. Termination of malignant ventricular arrhythmias with an implanted automatic defibrillator in human beings. N. Engl. J. Med. 303, 322–324 (1980).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Antiarrhythmics versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Investigators.A comparison of antiarrhythmic-drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from near-fatal ventricular arrhythmias. N. Engl. J. Med. 337, 1576–1583 (1997).

Article  Google Scholar 

Moss, A. J. et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart-failure events. N. Engl. J. Med. 361, 1329–1338 (2009).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Greenberg, H. et al. Analysis of mortality events in the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial (MADIT-II). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 43, 1459–1465 (2004).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smith, T. W. Digoxin in heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 329, 51–53 (1993).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kjekshus, J., Swedberg, K. & Snapinn, S. Effects of enalapril on long-term mortality in severe congestive heart failure. CONSENSUS Trial Group. Am. J. Cardiol. 69, 103–107 (1992).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yusuf, S., Pitt, B., Davis, C. E., Hood, W. B. & Cohn, J. N. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 325, 293–302 (1991).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yusuf, S., Pitt, B., Davis, C. E., Hood, W. B. Jr. & Cohn, J. N. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. N. Engl. J. Med. 327, 685–691 (1992).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

No authors listed. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: metoprolol CR/XL randomised intervention trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 353, 2001–2007 (1999).

Article  Google Scholar 

No authors listed. The cardiac insufficiency bisoprolol study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet 353, 9–13 (1999).

Article  Google Scholar 

Teerlink, J. R. & Massie, B. M. Beta-adrenergic blocker mortality trials in congestive heart failure. Am. J. Cardiol. 84, 94r–102r (1999).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Doggrell, S. A. & Brown, L. Present and future pharmacotherapy for heart failure. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 3, 915–930 (2002).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahmad, T. et al. Why has positive inotropy failed in chronic heart failure? Lessons from prior inotrope trials. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 21, 1064–1078 (2019).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Packer, M. et al. Effect of oral milrinone on mortality in severe chronic heart failure. The PROMISE study research group. N. Engl. J. Med. 325, 1468–1475 (1991).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cohn, J. N. et al. A dose-dependent increase in mortality with vesnarinone among patients with severe heart failure. Vesnarinone Trial Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. 339, 1810–1816 (1998).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Connor, C. M. et al. Continuous intravenous dobutamine is associated with an increased risk of death in patients with advanced heart failure: insights from the Flolan International Randomized Survival Trial (FIRST). Am. Heart J. 138, 78–86 (1999).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Packer, M. et al. Long-term effects of flosequinan on the morbidity and mortality of patients with severe chronic heart failure: primary results of the PROFILE trial after 24 years. JACC Heart Fai