Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Brain Injury and Repair, University of Pennsylvania, 3320 Smith Walk, 105 Hayden Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA

Hailong Song, Eashwar Kantemneni, Yue Qiu, Jean-Pierre Dolle, D. Kacy Cullen & Douglas H. Smith

Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA

D. Kacy Cullen

Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA

D. Kacy Cullen

School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK

William Stewart

Department of Neuropathology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, G51 4TF, UK

William Stewart

Each author’s contributions to the paper are listed. Conceptualization: Hailong Song, Douglas H. Smith; Methodology: Hailong Song, Eashwar Kantemneni, Yue Qiu, D. Kacy Cullen, Douglas H. Smith; Investigation: Hailong Song, Eashwar Kantemneni, Yue Qiu, Jean-Pierre Dolle, Douglas H. Smith; Visualization: Hailong Song; Funding acquisition: Hailong Song, Douglas H. Smith; Supervision: Hailong Song, Jean-Pierre Dolle, D. Kacy Cullen, William Stewart, Douglas H. Smith; Writing—original draft: Hailong Song, Douglas H. Smith; Writing—review & editing: Hailong Song, William Stewart, Douglas H. Smith.

Correspondence to Douglas H. Smith.