Desland FA, Hormigo A (2020) The CNS and the brain tumor microenvironment: Implications for glioblastoma immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 21(19):1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197358

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Parker NR, Hudson AL, Khong P et al (2016) Intratumoral heterogeneity identified at the epigenetic, genetic and transcriptional level in glioblastoma. Sci Rep 6:22477. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep22477

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Friedmann-Morvinski D (2014) Glioblastoma heterogeneity and cancer cell plasticity. Crit Rev Oncog. 19(5):327. https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevOncog.2014011777

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pitt JM, Marabelle A, Eggermont A, Soria JC, Kroemer G, Zitvogel L (2016) Targeting the tumor microenvironment: Removing obstruction to anticancer immune responses and immunotherapy. Ann Oncol 27(8):1482–1492. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdw168

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fanelli GN, Grassini D, Ortenzi V et al (2021) Decipher the glioblastoma microenvironment: The first milestone for new groundbreaking therapeutic strategies. Genes (Basel) 12(3):445. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12030445

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Virtuoso A, De Luca C, Cirillo G et al (2022) Tumor microenvironment and immune escape in the time course of glioblastoma. Mol Neurobiol 59(11):6857–6873. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-022-02996-z

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Matias D, Balça-Silva J, da Graça GC et al (2018) Microglia/astrocytes–glioblastoma crosstalk: Crucial molecular mechanisms and microenvironmental factors. Front Cell Neurosci 12:1–22. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2018.00235

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hambardzumyan D, Gutmann DH, Kettenmann H (2015) The role of microglia and macrophages in glioma maintenance and progression. Nat Neurosci 19(1):20–27. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4185

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lisi L, Ciotti GMP, Braun D et al (2017) Expression of iNOS, CD163 and ARG-1 taken as M1 and M2 markers of microglial polarization in human glioblastoma and the surrounding normal parenchyma. Neurosci Lett 645:106–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.076

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Paolicelli RC, Sierra A, Stevens B et al (2022) Microglia states and nomenclature: A field at its crossroads. Neuron 110(21):3458–3483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2022.10.020

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arvin B, Neville LF, Barone FC, Feuerstein GZ (1996) The role of inflammation and cytokines in brain injury. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 20(3):445–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7634(95)00026-7

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Brien E, Howarth C, Sibson NR (2013) The role of astrocytes in CNS tumours: Pre-clinical models and novel imaging approaches. Front Cell Neurosci 7:40. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2013.00040

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kovacsa ZI, Kima S, Jikariaa N et al (2017) Disrupting the blood-brain barrier by focused ultrasound induces sterile inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114(1):E75–E84. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1614777114

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sinharay S, Tu TW, Kovacs ZI et al (2019) In vivo imaging of sterile microglial activation in rat brain after disrupting the blood-brain barrier with pulsed focused ultrasound: [18F]DPA-714 PET study. J Neuroinflammation 16(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-019-1543-z

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Brighi C, Reid L, White AL et al (2020) MR-guided focused ultrasound increases antibody delivery to nonenhancing high-grade glioma. Neurooncol Adv. 2(1):vdaa030. https://doi.org/10.1093/noajnl/vdaa030

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Silburt J, Lipsman N, Aubert I (2017) Disrupting the blood–brain barrier with focused ultrasound: Perspectives on inflammation and regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114(33):E6735–E6736. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710761114

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sattiraju Anirudh, Xiaobing Xiong DNP et al (2017) Alpha particle enhanced Blood Brain/Tumor Barrier permeabilization in glioblastomas using integrin alpha-v beta-3 targeted liposomes. Mol Cancer Ther. 16(10):2191–2200. https://doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-16-0907

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arvanitis CD, Ferraro GB, Jain RK (2020) The blood–brain barrier and blood–tumour barrier in brain tumours and metastases. Nat Rev Cancer 20(1):26–41. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-019-0205-x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alexander JJ (2018) Blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the complement landscape. Mol Immunol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2018.06.267

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cohen-Inbar O, Xu Z, Sheehan JP (2016) Focused ultrasound-aided immunomodulation in glioblastoma multiforme: A therapeutic concept. J Ther Ultrasound 4(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40349-016-0046-y

Article  Google Scholar 

Aryal M, Vykhodtseva N, Zhang YZ, Park J, McDannold N (2013) Multiple treatments with liposomal doxorubicin and ultrasound-induced disruption of blood-tumor and blood-brain barriers improve outcomes in a rat glioma model. J Control Release 169(1–2):103–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.04.007

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu H-L, Huang C-Y, Chen J-Y, Wang H-YJ, Chen P-Y, Wei K-C (2014) Pharmacodynamic and Therapeutic Investigation of Focused Ultrasound- Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Opening for Enhanced Temozolomide Delivery in Glioma Treatment. PLoS One 9(12):e114311

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yang FY, Wong TT, Teng MC et al (2012) Focused ultrasound and interleukin-4 receptor-targeted liposomal doxorubicin for enhanced targeted drug delivery and antitumor effect in glioblastoma multiforme. J Control Release 160(3):652–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCONREL.2012.02.023

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kovacsa ZI, Kima S, Jikariaa N et al (2017) Disrupting the blood-brain barrier by focused ultrasound induces sterile inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114(1):E75–E84. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1614777114

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chen KT, Wei KC, Liu HL (2019) Theranostic strategy of focused ultrasound induced blood-brain barrier opening for CNS disease treatment. Front Pharmacol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00086

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jordão JF, Thévenot E, Markham-Coultes K et al (2013) Amyloid-β plaque reduction, endogenous antibody delivery and glial activation by brain-targeted, transcranial focused ultrasound. Exp Neurol 248:16–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.05.008

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brighi C, Salimova E, de Veer M, Puttick S, Egan G (2022) Letter to the editor regarding “Translation of focused ultrasound for blood-brain barrier opening. J Control Release 345:443–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.03.035

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu Z, Yang XY, Liu Y et al (2005) Release of endogenous danger signals from HIFU-treated tumor cells and their stimulatory effects on APCs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 335(1):124–131

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

H