Livingstone R, Boyle JG, Petrie JR. How tightly controlled do fluctuations in blood glucose levels need to be to reduce the risk of developing complications in people with type 1 diabetes? Diabet Med. 2019;37:513–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Soedamah-Muthu SS, Fuller JH, Mulnier HE, Raleigh VS, Lawrenson RA, Colhoun HM. High risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes in the U.K. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:798–804.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rawshani A, Rawshani A, Franzén S, Eliasson B, Svensson A-M, Miftaraj M, McGuire DK, Sattar N, Rosengren A, Gudbjörnsdottir S. Range of risk factor levels: control, mortality, and cardiovascular outcomes in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2017;135:1522–31.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) Study Research Group. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular outcomes in type 1 diabetes: the DCCT/EDIC study 30-year follow-up. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:686–93.

Article  Google Scholar 

Miller RG, Anderson SJ, Costacou T, Sekikawa A, Orchard TJ. Hemoglobin A1c level and cardiovascular disease incidence in persons with type 1 diabetes: an application of joint modeling of longitudinal and time-to-event data in the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes complications Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2018;187:1520–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bebu I, Braffett BH, Pop-Busui R, Orchard TJ, Nathan DM, Lachin JM, DCCT/EDIC Research Group. The relationship of blood glucose with cardiovascular disease is mediated over time by traditional risk factors in type 1 diabetes: the DCCT/EDIC study. Diabetologia. 2017;60:2084–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shah VN, Grimsmann JM, Foster NC, Dost A, Miller KM, Pavel M, Weinstock RS, Karges W, Maahs DM, Holl RW. Undertreatment of cardiovascular risk factors in the type 1 diabetes exchange clinic network (United States) and the prospective diabetes follow-up (Germany/Austria) registries. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22:1577–85.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

DeFilippis AP, Young R, Carrubba CJ, McEvoy JW, Budoff MJ, Blumenthal RS, Kronmal RA, McClelland RL, Nasir K, Blaha MJ. An analysis of calibration and discrimination among multiple cardiovascular risk scores in a modern multiethnic cohort. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:266–75.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, Koskinas KC, Casula M, Badimon L, Chapman MJ, De Backer GG, Delgado V, Ference BA, Graham IM, Halliday A, Landmesser U, Mihaylova B, Pedersen TR, Riccardi G, Richter DJ, Sabatine MS, Taskinen MR, Tokgozoglu L, Wiklund O, ESC Scientific Document Group. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:111–88.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Handelsman Y, Jellinger PS, Guerin CK, Bloomgarden ZT, Brinton EA, Budoff MJ, Davidson MH, Einhorn D, Fazio S, Fonseca VA, Garber AJ, Grunberger G, Krauss RM, Mechanick JI, Rosenblit PD, Smith DA, Wyne KL. Consensus statement by the American association of clinical endocrinologists and American college of endocrinology on the management of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease algorithm—2020 executive summary. Endocr Pract. 2020;26:1196–224.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vistisen D, Andersen GS, Hansen CS, Hulman A, Henriksen JE, Bech-Nielsen H, Jørgensen ME. Prediction of first cardiovascular disease event in type 1 diabetes mellitus: the steno type 1 risk engine. Circulation. 2016;133:1058–66.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zgibor JC, Piatt GA, Ruppert K, Orchard TJ, Roberts MS. Deficiencies of cardiovascular risk prediction models for type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1860–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Viñals C, Conget I, Pané A, Boswell L, Perea V, Blanco AJ, Ruiz S, Giménez M, Vinagre I, Esmatjes E, Ortega E, Amor AJ. Steno type 1 risk engine and preclinical atherosclerosis in Mediterranean individuals with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020;36:e3320.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Serés-Noriega T, Giménez M, Perea V, Boswell L, Viñals C, Blanco J, Vinagre I, Pané A, Esmatjes E, Conget I, Amor AJ. Use of the Steno T1 risk engine identifies preclinical atherosclerosis better than use of ESC/EASD-2019 in adult subjects with type 1 diabetes at high risk. Diabetes Care. 2022;45:2412–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Helleputte S, Van Bortel L, Verbeke F, Roodt JO, Calders P, Lapauw B, De Backer T. Arterial stiffness in patients with type 1 diabetes and its comparison to cardiovascular risk evaluation tools. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21:97.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Llauradó G, Cano A, Albert L, Ballesta S, Mazarico I, Luchtenberg MF, González-Sastre M, Megía A, Simó R, Vendrell J, González-Clemente JM. Arterial stiffness is highly correlated with the scores obtained from the Steno type 1 risk engine in subjects with T1DM. PLoS ONE. 2019;14:e0220206.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Goh YA, Lan NSR, Linn K, Wood C, Gupta A, Yeap BB, Fegan PG. Comparison of coronary artery calcium score and cardiovascular risk-stratification by European society of cardiology guidelines and Steno type 1 risk engine in statin-naïve adults with type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications. 2023;37:108557.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boscari F, Morieri ML, Amato AML, Vallone V, Uliana A, Baritussio A, Vitturi N, Cipponeri E, Cavallin F, Avogaro A, Fadini GP, Bruttomesso D. Performance of the Steno type 1 risk engine for cardiovascular disease prediction in Italian patients with type 1 diabetes. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2020;30:1813–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cosentino F, Grant PJ, Aboyans V, Bailey CJ, Ceriello A, Delgado V, Federici M, Filippatos G, Grobbee DE, Hansen TB, Huikuri HV, Johansson I, Jüni P, Lettino M, Marx N, Mellbin LG, Östgren CJ, Rocca B, Roffi M, Sattar N, Seferović PM, Sousa-Uva M, Valensi P, Wheeler DC, ESC Scientific Document Group. 2019 ESC guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:255–323.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rawshani A, Sattar N, Franzén S, Rawshani A, Hattersley AT, Svensson AM, Eliasson B, Gudbjörnsdottir S. Excess mortality and cardiovascular disease in young adults with type 1 diabetes in relation to age at onset: a nationwide, register-based cohort study. Lancet. 2018;392:477–86.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tecce N, Masulli M, Lupoli R, Della Pepa G, Bozzetto L, Palmisano L, Rivellese AA, Riccardi G, Capaldo B. Evaluation of cardiovascular risk in adults with type 1 diabetes: poor concordance between the 2019 ESC risk classification and 10-year cardiovascular risk prediction according to the Steno type 1 risk engine. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020;19:166.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Inker LA, Eneanya ND, Coresh J, Tighiouart H, Wang D, Sang Y, Crews DC, Doria A, Estrella MM, Froissart M, Grams ME, Greene T, Grubb A, Gudnason V, Gutiérrez OM, Kalil R, Karger AB, Mauer M, Navis G, Nelson RG, Poggio ED, Rodby R, Rossing P, Rule AD, Selvin E, Seegmiller JC, Shlipak MG, Torres VE, Yang W, Ballew SH, Couture SJ, Powe NR, Levey AS. Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology C. New creatinine- and cystatin C-based equations to estimate GFR without race. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:1737–49.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wilkinson CP, Ferris FL, Klein RE, Lee PP, Agardh CD, Davis M, Dills D, Kampik A, Pararajasegaram R, Verdaguer JT. Proposed international clinical diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema disease severity scales. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:1677–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. Cardiovascular disease and risk management: standards of care in diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care. 2024;47(Suppl 1).

Izar MCDO, Fonseca FAH, Faludi AÁ, Araújo DBD, Valente F, Bertoluci M. Manejo do risco cardiovascular: dislipidemia. Diretriz Oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes, 2023. https://doi.org/10.29327/557753.2022-19

Marx N, Federici M, Schütt K, Müller-Wieland D, Ajjan RA, Antunes MJ, Christodorescu RM, Crawford C, Di Angelantonio E, Eliasson B, Espinola-Klein C, Fauchier L, Halle M, Herrington WG, Kautzky-Willer A, Lambrinou E, Lesiak M, Lettino M, McGuire DK, Mullens W, Rocca B, Sattar N. 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. Eur Heart J. 2023;44:4043–140.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tecce N, Masulli M, Palmisano L, Gianfrancesco S, Piccolo R, Pacella D, Bozzetto L, Massimino E, Pepa GD, Lupoli R, Vaccaro O, Riccardi G, Capaldo B. Performance of 2019 ESC risk classification and the Steno type 1 risk engine in predicting cardiovascular events in adults with type 1 diabetes: a retrospective study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;190:110001.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). GBD Compare Data Visualization. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington, 2020. http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare. Accessed 12 May 2024.

Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, Addolorato G, Ammirati E, Baddour LM, Barengo NC, Beaton AZ, Benjamin EJ, Benziger CP, Bonny A, Brauer M, Brodmann M, Cahill TJ, Carapetis J, Catapano AL, Chugh SS, Cooper LT, Coresh J, Criqui M, DeCleene N, Eagle KA, Emmons-Bell S, Feigin VL, Fernández-Solà J, Fowkes G, Gakidou E, Grundy SM, He FJ, Howard G, Hu F, Inker L, Karthikeyan G, Kassebaum N, Koroshetz W, Lavie C, Lloyd-Jones D, Lu HS, Mirijello A, Temesgen AM, Mokdad A, Moran AE, Muntner P, Narula J, Neal B, Ntsekhe M, Oliveira GMD, Otto C, Owolabi M, Pratt M, Rajagopalan S, Reitsma M, Ribeiro ALP, Rigotti N, Rodgers A, Sable C, Shakil S, Sliwa-Hahnle K, Stark B, Sundström J, Timpel P, Tleyjeh IM, Valgimigli M, Vos T, Whelton PK, Yacoub M, Zuhlke L, Murray C, Fuster V. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: update from the GBD 2019 study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76:2982–3021.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (