Fletcher CDM, et al. Diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A consensus approach. Hum Pathol. 2002;33(5):459–65.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

DeMatteo RP, et al. Two hundred gastrointestinal stromal tumors: Recurrence patterns and prognostic factors for survival. Ann Surg. 2000;231(1):51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Heinrich MC, et al. PDGFRA activating mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Science. 2003;299(5607):708–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hirota S, et al. Gain-of-function mutations of c-kit in human gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Science. 1998;279(5350):577–80.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhu H, et al. Update of epidemiology, survival and initial treatment in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumour in the USA: A retrospective study based on SEER database. BMJ Open. 2023;13(7):e072945.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lasota J, Miettinen M. Clinical significance of oncogenic KIT and PDGFRA mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Histopathology. 2008;53(3):245–66.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wardelmann E, et al. c-kit mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors occur preferentially in the spindle rather than in the epithelioid cell variant. Mod Pathol. 2002;15(2):125–36.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garner AP, et al. Ponatinib inhibits polyclonal drug-resistant KIT oncoproteins and shows therapeutic potential in heavily pretreated gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20(22):5745–55.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Smith BD, et al. Ripretinib (DCC-2618) is a switch control kinase inhibitor of a broad spectrum of oncogenic and drug-resistant KIT and PDGFRA variants. Cancer Cell. 2019;35(5):738-751.e9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oppelt PJ, Hirbe AC, Van Tine BA. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): Point mutations matter in management, a review. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2017;8(3):466–73.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Heinrich MC, et al. Correlation of kinase genotype and clinical outcome in the North American intergroup Phase III trial of imatinib mesylate for treatment of advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor: CALGB 150105 Study by cancer and leukemia group b and southwest oncology group. J Clin Oncol : Official J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2008;26(33):5360–7.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Corless CL, et al. Pathologic and molecular features correlate with long-term outcome after adjuvant therapy of resected primary GI stromal tumor: the ACOSOG Z9001 trial. J Clin Oncol : Official J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2014;32(15):1563–70.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Heinrich MC, et al. Kinase mutations and imatinib response in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(23):4342–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yun C-H, et al. The T790M mutation in EGFR kinase causes drug resistance by increasing the affinity for ATP. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2008;105(6):2070–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gajiwala KS, et al. KIT kinase mutants show unique mechanisms of drug resistance to imatinib and sunitinib in gastrointestinal stromal tumor patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2009;106(5):1542–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liang L, et al. Structural and biochemical studies of the PDGFRA kinase domain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2016;477(4):667–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Corless CL, et al. PDGFRA mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors: Frequency, spectrum and in vitro sensitivity to imatinib. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(23):5357–64.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yoo C, et al. Efficacy of imatinib in patients with platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha-mutated gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(2):546–52.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grunewald S, et al. Resistance to avapritinib in PDGFRA-driven GIST is caused by secondary mutations in the PDGFRA kinase domain. Cancer Discov. 2021;11(1):108–25.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Klug LR, et al. New treatment strategies for advanced-stage gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2022;19(5):328–41.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li B, et al. Advances in immunology and immunotherapy for mesenchymal gastrointestinal cancers. Mol Cancer. 2023;22(1):71.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Janeway KA, et al. Defects in succinate dehydrogenase in gastrointestinal stromal tumors lacking KIT and PDGFRA mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(1):314–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eijkelenkamp K, et al. Clinical implications of the oncometabolite succinate in mutation carriers. Clin Genet. 2020;97(1):39–53.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Killian JK, et al. Succinate dehydrogenase mutation underlies global epigenomic divergence in gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Cancer Discov. 2013;3(6):648–57.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Flavahan WA, et al. Altered chromosomal topology drives oncogenic programs in SDH-deficient GISTs. Nature. 2019;575(7781):229-+.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shi E, et al. FGFR1 and NTRK3 actionable alterations in “Wild-Type” gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Transl Med. 2016;14(1):339.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang W, et al. A novel fusion between CDC42BPB and ALK in a patient with quadruple wild-type gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Mol Genet Genomic Med. 2022;10(5):e1881.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Haefliger S, et al. Molecular profile of gastrointestinal stromal tumors in sixty-eight patients from a single Swiss institution. Pathobiology. 2020;87(3):171–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mol CD, et al. Structure of a c-Kit product complex reveals the basis for kinase transactivation *. J Biol Chem. 2003;278(34):31461–4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mol CD, et al. Structural basis for the autoinhibition and STI-571 inhibition of c-Kit tyrosine kinase*. J Biol Chem. 2004;279(30):31655–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Treiber DK, Shah NP. Ins and outs of kinase DFG motifs. Chem Biol. 2013;20(6):745–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhao Z, Bourne PE. Overview of current type I/II kinase inhibitors. In: Shapiro P, editor. Next generation kinase inhibitors: moving beyond the ATP binding/catalytic sites. Cham: Springer International Publishing;