American Psychiatric Association D, Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. American Psychiatric Association Washington, DC; 2013.

Baxter AJ, Brugha TS, Erskine HE, Scheurer RW, Vos T, Scott JG. The epidemiology and global burden of autism spectrum disorders. Psychol Med. 2015;45:601–13.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Data & Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder. January 25, 2024. Avaialble at: https://www.cdc.gov/autism/data-research/index.html. Accessed 10 April, 2024.

Lamy M, Pedapati EV, Dominick KL, Wink LK, Erickson CA. Recent advances in the pharmacological management of behavioral disturbances associated with autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents. Paediatr Drugs. 2020;22:473–83.d.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lu H-C, Mackie K. An introduction to the endogenous cannabinoid system. Biol Psychiatry. 2016;79:516–25.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Devane WA, Hanuš L, Breuer A, Pertwee RG, Stevenson LA, Griffin G, et al. Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science. 1992;258:1946–49.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Solinas M, Goldberg SR, Piomelli D. The endocannabinoid system in brain reward processes. Br J Pharmacol. 2008;154:369–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fusar-Poli L, Cavone V, Tinacci S, Concas I, Petralia A, Signorelli MS, et al. Cannabinoids for people with ASD: a systematic review of published and ongoing studies. Brain Sci. 2020;10:572.

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pietropaolo S, Bellocchio L, Bouzon-Arnaiz I, Yee BK. The role of the endocannabinoid system in autism spectrum disorders: Evidence from mouse studies. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2020;173:183–208.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Aran A, Eylon M, Harel M, Polianski L, Nemirovski A, Tepper S, et al. Lower circulating endocannabinoid levels in children with autism spectrum disorder. Mol Autism. 2019;10:2.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kerr DM, Downey L, Conboy M, Finn DP, Roche M. Alterations in the endocannabinoid system in the rat valproic acid model of autism. Behav Brain Res. 2013;249:124–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Trezza V, Vanderschuren LJ. Bidirectional cannabinoid modulation of social behavior in adolescent rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2008;197:217–27.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wei D, Dinh D, Lee D, Li D, Anguren A, Moreno-Sanz G, et al. Enhancement of anandamide-mediated endocannabinoid signaling corrects autism-related social impairment. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2016;1:81–89.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Keith JM, Jones WM, Tichenor M, Liu J, Seierstad M, Palmer JA, et al. Preclinical characterization of the FAAH inhibitor JNJ-42165279. ACS Med Chem Lett. 2015;6:1204–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schmidt ME, Liebowitz MR, Stein MB, Grunfeld J, Van Hove I, Simmons WK, et al. The effects of inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) by JNJ-42165279 in social anxiety disorder: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept study. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2021;46:1004–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hus V, Gotham K, Lord C. Standardizing ADOS domain scores: separating severity of social affect and restricted and repetitive behaviors. J Autism Dev Disord. 2014;44:2400–12.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gray SAO Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test. In: Volkmar FR, editor Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders. New York, NY: Springer New York; 2013. p. 1673–75.

Pandina G, Ness S, Trudeau J, Stringer S, Knoble N, Lenderking WR, et al. Qualitative evaluation of the Autism Behavior Inventory: use of cognitive interviewing to establish validity of a caregiver report scale for autism spectrum disorder. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2021;19:26.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bangerter A, Ness S, Lewin D, Aman MG, Esbensen AJ, Goodwin MS, et al. Clinical validation of the autism behavior inventory: caregiver-rated assessment of core and associated symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2020;50:2090–101.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bangerter A, Ness S, Aman MG, Esbensen AJ, Goodwin MS, Dawson G, et al. Autism behavior inventory: a novel tool for assessing core and associated symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2017;27:814–22.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bangerter A, Manyakov NV, Lewin D, Boice M, Skalkin A, Jagannatha S, et al. Caregiver daily reporting of symptoms in autism spectrum disorder: observational study using web and mobile apps. JMIR Ment Health. 2019;6:e11365.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Busner J, Targum SD. The clinical global impressions scale: applying a research tool in clinical practice. Psychiatry. 2007;4:28–37.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guy W. Clinical global impression. Assessment manual for Psychopharmacology. 1976:217–22.

Constantino JN, Gruber CP. Social responsiveness scale: SRS-2. 2012.

Kaat AJ, Lecavalier L, Aman MG. Validity of the aberrant behavior checklist in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2014;44:1103–16.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bodfish JW, Symons FJ, Parker DE, Lewis MH. Varieties of repetitive behavior in autism: comparisons to mental retardation. J Autism Dev Disord. 2000;30:237–43.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Scahill L, Aman MG, Lecavalier L, Halladay AK, Bishop SL, Bodfish JW, et al. Measuring repetitive behaviors as a treatment endpoint in youth with autism spectrum disorder. Autism. 2015;19:38–52.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zarit SH, Reever KE, Bach-Peterson J. Relatives of the impaired elderly: correlates of feelings of burden. Gerontologist. 1980;20:649–55.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lecavalier L, Wood JJ, Halladay AK, Jones NE, Aman MG, Cook EH, et al. Measuring anxiety as a treatment endpoint in youth with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2014;44:1128–43.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Virues-Ortega J. Applied behavior analytic intervention for autism in early childhood: meta-analysis, meta-regression and dose-response meta-analysis of multiple outcomes. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30:387–99.

Article  Google Scholar 

Brugha TS, Doos L, Tempier A, Einfeld S, Howlin P. Outcome measures in intervention trials for adults with autism spectrum disorders; a systematic review of assessments of core autism features and associated emotional and behavioural problems. Int J Methods Psychiatric Res. 2015;24:99–115.

Article  Google Scholar 

Meyer, M (2022, May) Development of a Self-Report Tool for Measuring Change in Aspects of Autism. [Poster presentation].International Society for Autism Research, Austin Texas. Avaialble at: https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.autism-insar.org/resource/resmgr/files/insar_2022/2022_Program_Book.pdf. Accessed 20 August, 2024.

Parker KJ, Oztan O, Libove RA, Mohsin N, Karhson DS, Sumiyoshi RD, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled pilot trial shows that intranasal vasopressin improves social deficits in children with autism. Sci Transl Med. 2019;11:eaau7356.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bolognani F, Del Valle Rubido M, Squassante L, Wandel C, Derks M, Murtagh L, et al. A phase 2 clinical trial of a vasopressin V1a receptor antagonist shows improved adaptive behaviors in men with autism spectrum disorder. Sci Transl Med. 2019;11:eaat7838.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar