Peres MA, Macpherson LMD, Weyant RJ, Daly B, Venturelli R, Mathur MR, et al. Oral diseases: a global public health challenge. Lancet. 2019;394:249–60.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fernandes G, Yang S. Application of platelet-rich plasma with stem cells in bone and periodontal tissue engineering. Bone Res. 2016;4:1–21.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhou X, Xu X, Li J, Hu D, Hu T, Yin W, et al. Oral health in China: from vision to action. Int J Oral Sci. 2018;10:1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Uccelli A, Moretta L, Pistoia V. Mesenchymal stem cells in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8:726–36.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Qi K, Li N, Zhang Z, Melino G. Tissue regeneration: the crosstalk between mesenchymal stem cells and immune response. Cell Immunol. 2018;326:86–93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gao F, Chiu SM, Motan DAL, Zhang Z, Chen L, Ji H-L, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells and immunomodulation: current status and future prospects. Cell Death Dis. 2016;7:e2062–2062.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gegout P-Y, Stutz C, Olson J, Batool F, Petit C, Tenenbaum H, et al., et al. Interests of exosomes in bone and periodontal regeneration: a systematic review. Cell Biol Transl Med 13 Stem Cells Dev Dis. 2020;13:67–87.

Google Scholar 

Toh WS, Foldager CB, Pei M, Hui JHP. Advances in mesenchymal stem cell-based strategies for cartilage repair and regeneration. Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2014;10:686–96.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kou M, Huang L, Yang J, Chiang Z, Chen S, Liu J, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for immunomodulation and regeneration: a next generation therapeutic tool? Cell Death Dis. 2022;13:580.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lui PPY. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for the promotion of tendon repair - an update of literature. Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2021;17:379–89.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Théry C, Witwer KW, Aikawa E, Alcaraz MJ, Anderson JD, Andriantsitohaina R, et al. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines. J Extracell Vesicles. 2018;7:1535750.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fiore EJ, Domínguez LM, Bayo J, García MG, Mazzolini GD. Taking advantage of the potential of mesenchymal stromal cells in liver regeneration: cells and extracellular vesicles as therapeutic strategies. World J Gastroenterol. 2018;24:2427–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bagno L, Hatzistergos KE, Balkan W, Hare JM. Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy for cardiovascular disease: progress and challenges. Mol Ther. 2018;26:1610–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Faqeer A, Wang M, Alam G, Padhiar AA, Zheng D, Luo Z, et al. Cleaved SPP1-rich extracellular vesicles from osteoclasts promote bone regeneration via TGFβ1/SMAD3 signaling. Biomaterials. 2023;303:122367.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yáñez-Mó M, Siljander PR-M, Andreu Z, Bedina Zavec A, Borràs FE, Buzas EI, et al. Biological properties of extracellular vesicles and their physiological functions. J Extracell Vesicles. 2015;4:27066.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tsiapalis D, O’Driscoll L. Mesenchymal stem cell derived extracellular vesicles for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Cells. 2020;9:991.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yuan F-L, Wu Q, Miao Z-N, Xu M-H, Xu R-S, Jiang D-L, et al. Osteoclast-derived extracellular vesicles: novel regulators of osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast–osteoblasts communication in bone remodeling. Front Physiol. 2018;9:628.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gholami L, Nooshabadi VT, Shahabi S, Jazayeri M, Tarzemany R, Afsartala Z, et al. Extracellular vesicles in bone and periodontal regeneration: current and potential therapeutic applications. Cell Biosci. 2021;11:1–21.

Article  Google Scholar 

Andrukhov O, Behm C, Blufstein A, Rausch-Fan X. Immunomodulatory properties of dental tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells: implication in disease and tissue regeneration. World J Stem Cells. 2019;11:604–17.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cosenza S, Ruiz M, Maumus M, Jorgensen C, Noël D. Pathogenic or therapeutic extracellular vesicles in Rheumatic diseases: role of mesenchymal stem cell-derived vesicles. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18:889.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pishavar E, Luo H, Naserifar M, Hashemi M, Toosi S, Atala A, et al. Advanced hydrogels as exosome delivery systems for osteogenic differentiation of MSCs: application in bone regeneration. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:6203.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Denzer K, Kleijmeer MJ, Heijnen HF, Stoorvogel W, Geuze HJ. Exosome: from internal vesicle of the multivesicular body to intercellular signaling device. J Cell Sci. 2000;113:3365–74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Raposo G, Stoorvogel W. Extracellular vesicles: Exosomes, microvesicles, and friends. J Cell Biol. 2013;200:373–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McBride JD, Rodriguez-Menocal L, Badiavas EV. Extracellular vesicles as biomarkers and therapeutics in dermatology: a focus on exosomes. J Invest Dermatol. 2017;137:1622–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boilard E. Thematic Review series: exosomes and microvesicles: lipids as key components of their biogenesis and functions extracellular vesicles and their content in bioactive lipid mediators: more than a sack of microRNA. J Lipid Res. 2018;59:2037–46.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tan SS, Yin Y, Lee T, Lai RC, Yeo RWY, Zhang B, et al. Therapeutic MSC exosomes are derived from lipid raft microdomains in the plasma membrane. J Extracell Vesicles. 2013;2:22614.

Article  Google Scholar 

Racchetti G, Meldolesi J. Four distinct cytoplasmic structures generate and release specific vesicles, thus opening the way to intercellular communication. Extracell Vesicles Criculating Nucleic Acids. 2023;4:44–58.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Maas SLN, Breakefield XO, Weaver AM. Extracellular vesicles: unique intercellular delivery vehicles. Trends Cell Biol. 2017;27:172–88.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mulcahy LA, Pink RC, Carter DRF. Routes and mechanisms of extracellular vesicle uptake. J Extracell Vesicles. 2014;3:24641.

Article  Google Scholar 

Midekessa G, Godakumara K, Ord J, Viil J, Lättekivi F, Dissanayake K, et al. Zeta potential of extracellular vesicles: toward understanding the attributes that determine colloidal stability. ACS Omega. 2020;5:16701–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aas JA, Paster BJ, Stokes LN, Olsen I, Dewhirst FE. Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:5721–32.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mai Z, Chen H, Ye Y, Hu Z, Sun W, Cui L, et al. Translational and clinical applications of Dental Stem Cell-Derived exosomes. Front Genet. 2021;12:750990.