Kanis JA, Harvey NC, Cooper C, Johansson H, Oden A, McCloskey EVG, Advisory Board of the National Osteoporosis Guideline (2016) A systematic review of intervention thresholds based on FRAX : a report prepared for the National Osteoporosis Guideline Group and the International Osteoporosis Foundation. Arch Osteoporos 11(1):25

Kanis JA, Harvey NC, McCloskey E, Bruyere O, Veronese N, Lorentzon M, Cooper C, Rizzoli R, Adib G, Al-Daghri N, Campusano C, Chandran M, Dawson-Hughes B, Javaid K, Jiwa F, Johansson H, Lee JK, Liu E, Messina D, Mkinsi O, Pinto D, Prieto-Alhambra D, Saag K, Xia W, Zakraoui L, Reginster J (2020) Algorithm for the management of patients at low, high and very high risk of osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int 31(1):1–12

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kanis JA, Johansson H, Harvey NC, Lorentzon M, Liu E, Vandenput L, McCloskey EV (2021) An assessment of intervention thresholds for very high fracture risk applied to the NOGG guidelines : a report for the National Osteoporosis Guideline Group (NOGG). Osteoporos Int 32(10):1951–1960

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gregson CL, Armstrong DJ, Bowden J, Cooper C, Edwards J, Gittoes NJL, Harvey N, Kanis J, Leyland S, Low R, McCloskey E, Moss K, Parker J, Paskins Z, Poole K, Reid DM, Stone M, Thomson J, Vine N, Compston J (2022) UK clinical guideline for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Arch Osteoporos 17(1):58

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Strom O, Borgstrom F, Kleman M, McCloskey E, Oden A, Johansson H, Kanis JA (2010) FRAX and its applications in health economics–cost-effectiveness and intervention thresholds using bazedoxifene in a Swedish setting as an example. Bone 47(2):430–437

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Borgstrom F, Johnell O, Kanis JA, Jonsson B, Rehnberg C (2006) At what hip fracture risk is it cost-effective to treat? International intervention thresholds for the treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 17(10):1459–1471

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yu G, Tong S, Liu J, Wan Y, Wan M, Li S, You R (2023) A systematic review of cost-effectiveness analyses of sequential treatment for osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 34(4):641–658

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Soreskog E, Borgstrom F, Lindberg I, Strom O, Willems D, Libanati C, Kanis JA, Stollenwerk B, Charokopou M (2021) A novel economic framework to assess the cost-effectiveness of bone-forming agents in the prevention of fractures in patients with osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 32(7):1301–1311

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Soreskog E, Lindberg I, Kanis JA, Akesson KE, Willems D, Lorentzon M, Strom O, Berling P, Borgstrom F (2021) Cost-effectiveness of romosozumab for the treatment of postmenopausal women with severe osteoporosis at high risk of fracture in Sweden. Osteoporos Int 32(3):585–594

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McCloskey E, Kanis JA, Johansson H, Harvey N, Oden A, Cooper A, Cooper C, Francis RM, Reid DM, Marsh D, Selby P, Thompson F, Hewitt S, Compston J (2015) FRAX-based assessment and intervention thresholds–an exploration of thresholds in women aged 50 years and older in the UK. Osteoporos Int 26(8):2091–2099

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Johnell O, Kanis JA, Oden A, Sernbo I, Redlund-Johnell I, Petterson C, De Laet C, Jonsson B (2004) Fracture risk following an osteoporotic fracture. Osteoporos Int 15(3):175–179

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A, Harvey NC, Gudnason V, Sanders KM, Sigurdsson G, Siggeirsdottir K, Fitzpatrick LA, Borgstrom F, McCloskey EV (2018) Characteristics of recurrent fractures. Osteoporos Int 29(8):1747–1757

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Johansson H, Siggeirsdottir K, Harvey NC, Oden A, Gudnason V, McCloskey E, Sigurdsson G, Kanis JA (2017) Imminent risk of fracture after fracture. Osteoporos Int 28(3):775–780

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kanis JA, Johansson H, Harvey NC, Gudnason V, Sigurdsson G, Siggeirsdottir K, Lorentzon M, Liu E, Vandenput L, McCloskey EV (2022) Adjusting conventional FRAX estimates of fracture probability according to the number of prior fractures. Osteoporos Int 33(12):2507–2515

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Willems D, Javaid MK, Pinedo-Villanueva R, Libanati C, Yehoshua A, Charokopou M (2022) Importance of time point-specific indirect treatment comparisons of osteoporosis treatments: a systematic literature review and network meta-analyses. Clin Ther 44(1):81–97

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saag KG, Petersen J, Brandi ML, Karaplis AC, Lorentzon M, Thomas T, Maddox J, Fan M, Meisner PD, Grauer A (2017) Romosozumab or alendronate for fracture prevention in women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 377(15):1417–1427

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hiligsmann M, Reginster JY, Tosteson ANA, Bukata SV, Saag KG, Gold DT, Halbout P, Jiwa F, Lewiecki EM, Pinto D, Adachi JD, Al-Daghri N, Bruyere O, Chandran M, Cooper C, Harvey NC, Einhorn TA, Kanis JA, Kendler DL, Messina OD, Rizzoli R, Si L, Silverman S (2019) Recommendations for the conduct of economic evaluations in osteoporosis: outcomes of an experts’ consensus meeting organized by the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO) and the US branch of the International Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporos Int 30(1):45–57

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jonsson B, Kanis J, Dawson A, Oden A, Johnell O (1999) Effect and offset of effect of treatments for hip fracture on health outcomes. Osteoporos Int 10(3):193–199

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Strom O, Borgstrom F, Kanis JA, Jonsson B (2009) Incorporating adherence into health economic modelling of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 20(1):23–34

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Landfeldt E, Strom O, Robbins S, Borgstrom F (2012) Adherence to treatment of primary osteoporosis and its association to fractures–the Swedish Adherence Register Analysis (SARA). Osteoporos Int 23(2):433–443

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Durden E, Pinto L, Lopez-Gonzalez L, Juneau P, Barron R (2017) Two-year persistence and compliance with osteoporosis therapies among postmenopausal women in a commercially insured population in the United States. Arch Osteoporos 12(1):22

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

British National Formulary. 2023 [cited 2023 2023–06–01]; Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/bnf-uk-only.

Guide to the methods of health technology appraisal. . 2004; Available from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/191504/NICE_guide_to_the_methods_of_technology_appraisal.pdf.

Morley J, Moayyeri A, Ali L, Taylor A, Feudjo-Tepie M, Hamilton L, Bayly J (2020) Persistence and compliance with osteoporosis therapies among postmenopausal women in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Osteoporos Int 31(3):533–545

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cosman F, Crittenden DB, Adachi JD, Binkley N, Czerwinski E, Ferrari S, Hofbauer LC, Lau E, Lewiecki EM, Miyauchi A, Zerbini CA, Milmont CE, Chen L, Maddox J, Meisner PD, Libanati C, Grauer A (2016) Romosozumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 375(16):1532–1543

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cosman F, Nieves JW, Dempster DW (2017) Treatment sequence matters: anabolic and antiresorptive therapy for osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 32(2):198–202

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kendler DL, Marin F, Zerbini CAF, Russo LA, Greenspan SL, Zikan V, Bagur A, Malouf-Sierra J, Lakatos P, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Lespessailles E, Minisola S, Body JJ, Geusens P, Moricke R, Lopez-Romero P (2018) Effects of teriparatide and risedronate on new fractures in post-menopausal women with severe osteoporosis (VERO): a multicentre, double-blind, double-dummy, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 391(10117):230–240

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kanis JA, Johansson H, Harvey NC, Gudnason V, Sigurdsson G, Siggeirsdottir K, Lorentzon M, Liu E, Vandenput L, Leslie WD, McCloskey EV (2021) The use of 2-, 5-, and 10-year probabilities to characterize fracture risk after a recent sentinel fracture. Osteoporos Int 32(1):47–54

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harvey NC, McCloskey E, Kanis JA, Compston J, Cooper C (2018) Cost-effective but clinically inappropriate: new NICE intervention thresholds in osteoporosis (Technology Appraisal 464). Osteoporos Int 29(7):1511–1513

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gutierrez L, Roskell N, Castellsague J, Beard S, Rycroft C, Abeysinghe S, Shannon P, Robbins S, Gitlin M (2011) Study of the incremental cost and clinical burden of hip fractures in postmenopausal women in the United Kingdom. J Med Econ 14(1):99–107

Article