Skolnick P. The opioid epidemic: crisis and solutions. Annu Rev Pharm Toxicol. 2018;58:143–59.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lee YK, Gold MS, Blum K, Thanos PK, Hanna C, Fuehrlein BS. Opioid use disorder: current trends and potential treatments. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1274719.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Volkow ND, Blanco C. Fentanyl and other opioid use disorders: treatment and research needs. Am J Psychiatry. 2023;180:410–17.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Koob GF, Volkow ND. Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3:760–73.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Venniro M, Banks ML, Heilig M, Epstein DH, Shaham Y. Improving translation of animal models of addiction and relapse by reverse translation. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2020;21:625–43.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vanderschuren LJMJ, Ahmed SH. Animal models of the behavioral symptoms of substance use disorders. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2021;11:a040287.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vanderschuren LJMJ, Minnaard AM, Smeets JAS, Lesscher HMB. Punishment models of addictive behavior. Curr Opin Behav Sci. 2017;13:77–84.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jean-Richard-Dit-Bressel P, Killcross S, McNally GP. Behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms of punishment: implications for psychiatric disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018;43:1639–50.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McNally GP, Jean-Richard-Dit-Bressel P, Millan EZ, Lawrence AJ. Pathways to the persistence of drug use despite its adverse consequences. Mol Psychiatry. 2023;28:2228–37.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Marchant NJ, Campbell EJ, Kaganovsky K. Punishment of alcohol-reinforced responding in alcohol preferring P rats reveals a bimodal population: Implications for models of compulsive drug seeking. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2018;87:68–77.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen BT, Yau HJ, Hatch C, Kusumoto-Yoshida I, Cho SL, Hopf FW, et al. Rescuing cocaine-induced prefrontal cortex hypoactivity prevents compulsive cocaine seeking. Nature. 2013;496:359–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Durand A, Girardeau P, Freese L, Ahmed SH. Increased responsiveness to punishment of cocaine self-administration after experience with high punishment. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2022;47:444–53.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu Y, Salmeron BJ, Krasnova IN, Gu H, Lu H, Bonci A, et al. Compulsive drug use is associated with imbalance of orbitofrontal- and prelimbic-striatal circuits in punishment-resistant individuals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2019;116:9066–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Giuliano C, Belin D, Everitt BJ. Compulsive alcohol seeking results from a failure to disengage dorsolateral striatal control over behavior. J Neurosci. 2019;39:1744–54.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Blackwood CA, McCoy MT, Ladenheim B, Cadet JL. Escalated Oxycodone self-administration and punishment: differential expression of opioid receptors and immediate early genes in the rat dorsal striatum and prefrontal cortex. Front Neurosci. 2019;13:1392.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McElroy BD, Li C, McCloskey NS, Kirby LG. Sex differences in ethanol consumption and drinking despite negative consequences following adolescent social isolation stress in male and female rats. Physiol Behav. 2023;271:114322.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pourhamzeh M, Moravej FG, Arabi M, Shahriari E, Mehrabi S, Ward R, et al. The roles of Serotonin in neuropsychiatric disorders. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2022;42:1671–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Luo M, Zhou J, Liu Z. Reward processing by the dorsal raphe nucleus: 5-HT and beyond. Learn Mem. 2015;22:452–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Courtiol E, Menezes EC, Teixeira CM. Serotonergic regulation of the dopaminergic system: Implications for reward-related functions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021;128:282–93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Zhong W, Wang D, Feng Q, Liu Z, Zhou J, et al. Serotonin neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus encode reward signals. Nat Commun. 2016;7:10503.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ren J, Friedmann D, Xiong J, Liu CD, Ferguson BR, Weerakkody T, et al. Anatomically defined and functionally distinct dorsal Raphe Serotonin sub-systems. Cell. 2018;175:472–87.e20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu Z, Zhou J, Li Y, Hu F, Lu Y, Ma M, et al. Dorsal raphe neurons signal reward through 5-HT and glutamate. Neuron. 2014;81:1360–74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McDevitt RA, Tiran-Cappello A, Shen H, Balderas I, Britt JP, Marino RAM, et al. Serotonergic versus nonserotonergic dorsal raphe projection neurons: differential participation in reward circuitry. Cell Rep. 2014;8:1857–69.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Miyazaki KW, Miyazaki K, Tanaka KF, Yamanaka A, Takahashi A, Tabuchi S, et al. Optogenetic activation of dorsal raphe serotonin neurons enhances patience for future rewards. Curr Biol. 2014;24:2033–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bari A, Theobald DE, Caprioli D, Mar AC, Aidoo-Micah A, Dalley JW, et al. Serotonin modulates sensitivity to reward and negative feedback in a probabilistic reversal learning task in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010;35:1290–301.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ineichen C, Sigrist H, Spinelli S, Lesch KP, Sautter E, Seifritz E, et al. Establishing a probabilistic reversal learning test in mice: evidence for the processes mediating reward-stay and punishment-shift behaviour and for their modulation by serotonin. Neuropharmacology. 2012;63:1012–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li C, McCloskey N, Phillips J, Simmons SJ, Kirby LG. CRF-5-HT interactions in the dorsal raphe nucleus and motivation for stress-induced opioid reinstatement. Psychopharmacology. 2021;238:29–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li C, Staub DR, Kirby LG. Role of GABA receptors in dorsal raphe nucleus in stress-induced reinstatement of morphine-conditioned place preference in rats. Psychopharmacology. 2013;230:537–45.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li C, Frantz KJ. Attenuated incubation of cocaine seeking in male rats trained to self-administer cocaine during periadolescence. Psychopharmacology. 2009;204:725–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weber T, Schonig K, Tews B, Bartsch D. Inducible gene manipulations in brain serotonergic neurons of transgenic rats. PLoSOne. 2011;6:e28283.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Li C, Kirby LG. Effects of cocaine history on postsynaptic GABA receptors on dorsal raphe serotonin neurons in a stress-induced relapse model in rats. Eur Neuropsychopharm