Data collection and sharing for this project was funded by the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) (National Institutes of Health Grant U01 AG024904) and DOD ADNI (Department of Defense award number W81XWH-12-2-0012). ADNI is funded by the National Institute on Aging, the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, and through generous contributions from the following: AbbVie, Alzheimer’s Association; Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation; Araclon Biotech; BioClinica, Inc.; Biogen; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; CereSpir, Inc.; Cogstate; Eisai Inc.; Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Eli Lilly and Company; EuroImmun; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and its affiliated company Genentech, Inc.; Fujirebio; GE Healthcare; IXICO Ltd.; Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy Research & Development, LLC.; Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC.; Lumosity; Lundbeck; Merck & Co., Inc.; Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC.; NeuroRx Research; Neurotrack Technologies; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; Pfizer Inc.; Piramal Imaging; Servier; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company; and Transition Therapeutics. The Canadian Institutes of Health Research is providing funds to support ADNI clinical sites in Canada. Private sector contributions are facilitated by the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (www.fnih.org). The grantee organization is the Northern California Institute for Research and Education, and the study is coordinated by the Alzheimer’s Therapeutic Research Institute at the University of Southern California. The Laboratory disseminates ADNI data for Neuro Imaging at the University of Southern California. This work was also supported by a general clinical research grant-in-aid from the Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University (SMG-SNU) Boramae Medical Center (04-2023-0013), the Korea Medical Device Development Fund grant funded by the Korea government (the Ministry of Science and ICT, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, the Ministry of Health & Welfare, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety)(Project Number: 1711197743, RS-2023-00253694), and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (RS-2023-00280087) The Laboratory disseminates ADNI data for Neuro Imaging at the University of Southern California. We appreciate the statistical advice and support provided by Sohee Oh from the Department of Biostatistics, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul, the Republic of Korea.

Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI)

Michael Weiner4, Paul Aisen5, Ronald Petersen6, Clifford R. Jack Jr.6, William Jagust7, John Q. Trojanowki8, Arthur W. Toga9, Laurel Beckett10, Robert C. Green11, Andrew J. Saykin12, John Morris13, Leslie M. Shaw14, Enchi Liu15, Tom Montine16, Ronald G. Thomas5, Michael Donohue5, Sarah Walter5, Devon Gessert5, Tamie Sather5, Gus Jiminez5, Danielle Harvey10, Michael Donohue5, Matthew Bernstein6, Nick Fox17, Paul Thompson18, Norbert Schuff19, Charles DeCArli10, Bret Borowski20, Jeff Gunter20, Matt Senjem20, Prashanthi Vemuri20, David Jones20, Kejal Kantarci20, Chad Ward20, Robert A. Koeppe21, Norm Foster22, Eric M. Reiman23, Kewei Chen23, Chet Mathis24, Susan Landau7, Nigel J. Cairns13, Erin Householder13, Lisa Taylor Reinwald13, Virginia Lee25, Magdalena Korecka25, Michal Figurski25, Karen Crawford9, Scott Neu9, Tatiana M. Foroud12, Steven Potkin26, Li Shen12, Faber Kelley12, Sungeun Kim12, Kwangsik Nho12, Zaven Kachaturian27, Richard Frank28, Peter J. Snyder29, Susan Molchan30, Jeffrey Kaye31, Joseph Quinn31, Betty Lind31, Raina Carter31, Sara Dolen31, Lon S. Schneider32, Sonia Pawluczyk32, Mauricio Beccera32, Liberty Teodoro32, Bryan M. Spann32, James Brewer33, Helen Vanderswag33, Adam Fleisher33, Judith L. Heidebrink21, Joanne L. Lord21, Ronald Petersen6, Sara S. Mason6, Colleen S. Albers6, David Knopman6, Kris Johnson6, Rachelle S. Doody34, Javier Villanueva Meyer34, Munir Chowdhury34, Susan Rountree34, Mimi Dang34, Yaakov Stern35, Lawrence S. Honig35, Karen L. Bell35, Beau Ances36, John C. Morris36, Maria Carroll36, Sue Leon36, Erin Householder36, Mark A. Mintun36, Stacy Schneider36, Angela Oliver37, Daniel Marson37, Randall Griffith37, David Clark37, David Geldmacher37, John Brockington37, Erik Roberson37, Hillel Grossman38, Effie Mitsis38, Leyla deToledo-Morrell39, Raj C. Shah39, Ranjan Duara40, Daniel Varon40, Maria T. Greig40, Peggy Roberts40, Marilyn Albert41, Chiadi Onyike41, Daniel D’Agostino II41, Stephanie Kielb41, James E. Galvin42, Dana M. Pogorelec42, Brittany Cerbone42, Christina A. Michel42, Henry Rusinek42, Mony J de Leon42, Lidia Glodzik42, Susan De Santi42, P. Murali Doraiswamy43, Jeffrey R. Petrella43, Terence Z. Wong43, Steven E. Arnold14, Jason H. Karlawish14, David Wolk14, Charles D. Smith44, Greg Jicha44, Peter Hardy44, Partha Sinha44, Elizabeth Oates44, Gary Conrad44, Oscar L. Lopez24, MaryAnn Oakley24, Donna M. Simpson24, Anton P. Porsteinsson45, Bonnie S. Goldstein45, Kim Martin45, Kelly M. Makino45, M. Saleem Ismail45, Connie Brand45, Ruth A. Mulnard46, Gaby Thai46, Catherine Mc Adams Ortiz46, Kyle Womack47, Dana Mathews47, Mary Quiceno47, Ramon Diaz Arrastia47, Richard King47, Myron Weiner47, Kristen Martin Cook47, Michael DeVous47, Allan I. Levey48, James J. Lah48, Janet S. Cellar48, Jeffrey M. Burns49, Heather S. Anderson49, Russell H. Swerdlow49, Liana Apostolova50, Kathleen Tingus50, Ellen Woo50, Daniel H.S. Silverman50, Po H. Lu50, George Bartzokis50, Neill R Graff Radford51, Francine Parfitt51, Tracy Kendall51, Heather Johnson51, Martin R. Farlow12, Ann Marie Hake12, Brandy R. Matthews12, Scott Herring12, Cynthia Hunt12, Christopher H. van Dyck52, Richard E. Carson52, Martha G. MacAvoy52, Howard Chertkow53, Howard Bergman53, Chris Hosein53, Sandra Black54, Bojana Stefanovic54, Curtis Caldwell54, Ging Yuek Robin Hsiung55, Howard Feldman55, Benita Mudge55, Michele Assaly55, Andrew Kertesz56, John Rogers56, Dick Trost56, Charles Bernick57, Donna Munic57, Diana Kerwin58, Marek Marsel Mesulam58, Kristine Lipowski58, Chuang Kuo Wu58, Nancy Johnson58, Carl Sadowsky59, Walter Martinez59, Teresa Villena59, Raymond Scott Turner60, Kathleen Johnson60, Brigid Reynolds60, Reisa A. Sperling61, Keith A. Johnson61, Gad Marshall61, Meghan Frey61, Jerome Yesavage62, Joy L. Taylor62, Barton Lane62, Allyson Rosen62, Jared Tinklenberg62, Marwan N. Sabbagh63, Christine M. Belden63, Sandra A. Jacobson63, Sherye A. Sirrel63, Neil Kowall64, Ronald Killiany64, Andrew E. Budson64, Alexander Norbash64, Patricia Lynn Johnson64, Thomas O. Obisesan65, Saba Wolday65, Joanne Allard65, Alan Lerner66, Paula Ogrocki66, Leon Hudson66, Evan Fletcher67, Owen Carmichael67, John Olichney67, Charles DeCarli67, Smita Kittur68, Michael Borrie69, T Y Lee69, Rob Bartha69, Sterling Johnson70, Sanjay Asthana70, Cynthia M. Carlsson70, Steven G. Potkin71, Adrian Preda71, Dana Nguyen71, Pierre Tariot23, Adam Fleisher23, Stephanie Reeder23, Vernice Bates72, Horacio Capote72, Michelle Rainka72, Douglas W. Scharre73, Maria Kataki73, Anahita Adeli73, Earl A. Zimmerman74, Dzintra Celmins74, Alice D. Brown74, Godfrey D. Pearlson75, Karen Blank75, Karen Anderson75, Robert B. Santulli76, Tamar J. Kitzmiller76, Eben S. Schwartz76, Kaycee M. Sink77, Jeff D. Williamson77, Pradeep Garg77, Franklin Watkins77, Brian R. Ott78, Henry Querfurth78, Geoffrey Tremont78, Stephen Salloway79, Paul Malloy79, Stephen Correia79, Howard J. Rosen4, Bruce L. Miller4, Jacobo Mintzer80, Kenneth Spicer80, David Bachman80, Elizabether Finger81, Stephen Pasternak81, Irina Rachinsky81, John Rogers81, Andrew Kertesz81, Dick Drost81, Nunzio Pomara82, Raymundo Hernando82, Antero Sarrael82, Susan K. Schultz83, Laura L. Boles Ponto83, Hyungsub Shim83, Karen Elizabeth Smith83, Norman Relkin84, Gloria Chaing84, Lisa Raudin84, Amanda Smith85, Kristin Fargher85 & Balebail Ashok Raj85

4UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. 5UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA. 6Mayo Clinic, Rochester, NY, USA. 7UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. 8U Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, CA, USA. 9USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 10UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA. 11Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. 12Indiana University, Bloomington, IND, USA. 13Washington University St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA. 14University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 15Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy, South San Francisco, CA, USA. 16University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. 17University of London, London, UK. 18USC School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 19UCSF MRI, San Francisco, CA, USA. 20Mayo Clinic, Rochester, NY, USA. 21University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. 22University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. 23Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA. 24University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. 25UPenn School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 26UC Irvine, Newport Beach, CA, USA. 27Khachaturian, Radebaugh & Associates, Inc and Alzheimer’s Association’s Ronald and Nancy Reagan’s Research Institute, Chicago, IL, USA. 28General Electric, Boston, MA, USA. 29Brown University, Providence, RI, USA. 30National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. 31Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA. 32University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 33University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA. 34Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. 35Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. 36Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA. 37University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, MO, USA. 38Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. 39Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA. 40Wien Center, Vienna, Austria. 41Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. 42New York University, New York, NY, USA. 43Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. 44University of Kentucky, city of Lexington, NC, USA. 45University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA. 46University of California, Irvine, CA, USA. 47University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA. 48Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. 49University of Kansas, Medical Center, Lawrence, KS, USA. 50University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 51Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA. 52Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. 53McGill Univ., Montreal Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada. 54Sunnybrook Health Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada. 55U.B.C. Clinic for AD & Related Disorders, British Columbia, BC, Canada. 56Cognitive Neurology St. Joseph’s, Toronto, ON, Canada. 57Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA. 58Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. 59Premiere Research Inst Palm Beach Neurology, West Palm Beach, FL, USA. 60Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA. 61Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. 62Stanford University, Santa Clara County, CA, USA. 63Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA. 64Boston University, Boston, MA, USA. 65Howard University, Washington, DC, USA. 66Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. 67University of California, Davis Sacramento, CA, USA. 68Neurological Care of CNY, New York, NY, USA. 69Parkwood Hospital, Parkwood, CA, USA. 70University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. 71University of California, Irvine BIC, Irvine, CA, USA. 72Dent Neurologic Institute, Amherst, MA, USA. 73Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. 74Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA. 75 Hartford Hospital, Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford, CT, USA. 76Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA. 77Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA. 78Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA. 79Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA. 80Medical University South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. 81St. Joseph’s Health Care, London, UK. 82Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA. 83University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA. 84Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. 85University of South Florida: USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Tempa, FL, USA.