MacFeeters Hamilton Neuro-Oncology Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Justin Z. Wang, Vikas Patil, Alexander P. Landry, Chloe Gui, Andrew Ajisebutu, Jeff Liu, Rebeca Yakubov, Ramneet Kaloti, Farshad Nassiri & Gelareh Zadeh

Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Justin Z. Wang, Alexander P. Landry, Chloe Gui, Farshad Nassiri & Gelareh Zadeh

Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Justin Z. Wang, Vikas Patil, Alexander P. Landry, Chloe Gui, Andrew Ajisebutu, Jeff Liu, Rebeca Yakubov, Ramneet Kaloti, Farshad Nassiri & Gelareh Zadeh

Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Olli Saarela

NRG Oncology Statistics and Data Management Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Stephanie L. Pugh & Minhee Won

Temerty School of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Zeel Patel

Neurosurgery Specialists of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA

Christopher Wilson

Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Aaron Cohen-Gadol

Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA

Mohamed A. Zaazoue

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Mohamed A. Zaazoue

German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), DKFZ Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

Ghazaleh Tabatabai

Cluster of Excellence (EXC 2180) ‘Image Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies’, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

Ghazaleh Tabatabai

Department of Neurology and Interdisciplinary Neuro-Oncology, Center for Neuro-Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

Ghazaleh Tabatabai, Sylvia C. Kurz & Paul Passlack

Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuro-Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

Marcos Tatagiba, Felix Behling, Mirjam Renovanz, Jens Schittenhelm & Paul Passlack

Department of Pathology, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

Damian A. Almiron Bonnin

Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA

Eric C. Holland

Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Madison, WI, USA

Tim J. Kruser

Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States, Hinsdale, IL, USA

Jill S. Barnholtz-Sloan & Jill Barnholtz-Sloan

Trans Divisional Research Program (TDRP), Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA

Jill S. Barnholtz-Sloan & Jill Barnholtz-Sloan

Center for Biomedical Informatics & Information Technology (CBIIT), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA

Jill S. Barnholtz-Sloan & Jill Barnholtz-Sloan

Piedmont Brain Tumor Center, Piedmonth Healthcare System, Atlanta, GA, USA

Andrew E. Sloan & Andrew E. Sloan

Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

Craig Horbinski & Craig M. Horbinski

Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

Craig Horbinski & Craig M. Horbinski

Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA

Silky Chotai & Lola B. Chambless

Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Andrew Gao

Division of Neurosurgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Alexander D. Rebchuk & Serge Makarenko

Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Stephen Yip

Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

Felix Sahm, Felix Sahm & Andreas von Deimling

Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany

Felix Sahm

Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

Sybren L. N. Maas

Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Sybren L. N. Maas

Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Derek S. Tsang

Radiation Oncology, Utah Cancer Specialists, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

C. Leland Rogers

Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA

Kenneth Aldape

Miami Neuroscience Institute, Baptist Health, Miami, FL, USA

Michael W. McDermott

Department of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

Thomas Santarius & Daniel M. Fountain

Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

Warren Selman

Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

Marta Couce

Department of Neurosurgery, Centro Hospitalar Universitário S. João, Porto, Portugal

Bruno Carvalho

Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA

Patrick Y. Wen

Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

Kyle M. Walsh

Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Eelke M. Bos

Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Wenya Linda Bi

Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Raymond Y. Huang

Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Priscilla K. Brastianos

Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

Helen A. Shih

Department of Neurology, Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, USA

Tobias Walbert

Department of Neurosurger, Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, USA

Ian Lee, Ana Valeria Castro, Houtan Noushmehr & James M. Snyder

Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA

Michelle M. Felicella

Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy

Francesco Dimeco & Andrea Saladino

Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy

Bianca Pollo

Department of Neurosurgery, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

Christian Schichor & Jörg-Christian Tonn

Department of Radiation Oncology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Felix Ehret

Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

Timothy J. Kaufmann

Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

Daniel H. Lachance, Caterina Giannini & Aditya Raghunathan

Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

Evanthia Galanis

Departments of Neuro-Oncology and Neurosurgery, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA

Michael A. Vogelbaum

Neuropathology Unit, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

Patrick J. Cimino

Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Northwestern Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA

Mark Youngblood

Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

Matija Snuderl

Department of Radiation Oncology, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA

Erik P. Sulman

Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA

Ian F. Dunn

Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK

C. Oliver Hanemann

Department of Neurosurgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland

Mohsen Javadpour

Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong

Ho-Keung Ng

Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Paul C. Boutros

Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA

Richard G. Everson

Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Larissa, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece

Alkiviadis Tzannis & Konstantinos N. Fountas

Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany

Nils Ole Schmidt

Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Karolyn Au

Center of Neurosurgery, Department of General Neurosurgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

Roland Goldbrunner

Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

Norbert Galldiks

Laboratory for Neurooncology and Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of General Neurosurgery, Center for Neurosurgery, Cologne, Germany

Marco Timmer

Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Copenhagen-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

Tiit Illimar Mathiesen

Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany

Manfred Westphal, Katrin Lamszus & Franz L. Ricklefs

Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

Christel Herold-Mende, Christine Jungk & Gerhard Jungwirth

Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

Maximilian Deng

Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

Susan C. Short

Department of Neurosurgery, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK

Michael D. Jenkinson

Institute of Neuropathology, Otto-Von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany

Christian Mawrin

Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK

Abdurrahman I. Islim & Omar N. Pathmanaban

Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Katharine J. Drummond & Andrew Morokoff

Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

David R. Raleigh

Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

David R. Raleigh & Nicholas A. Butowski

Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

David R. Raleigh & Arie Perry

School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão, Preto University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Tathiane M. Malta

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan College of Medicine, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

Viktor Zherebitskiy

Division of Neurosurgery, Royal University Hospital, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

Luke Hnenny

USC Pituitary Center, USC Radiosurgery Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Gabriel Zada

Department of Neurosurgery, St. Barbara-Klinik Hamm-Heessen, Hamm, Germany

Antonio Santacroce

Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

Christian la Fougère

Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

Jennifer Moliterno

Department of Neurosurgery, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA

Alper Dincer

Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Gelareh Zadeh

Manuscript writing, figure preparation, general statistical analysis and general bioinformatics were performed by J.Z.W. Molecular classification, model building and bioinformatics support was provided by V.P., A.P.L. and J.L. TERT promoter sequencing was performed by C.G. Copy number variant analysis and calling were performed by A.P.L. Molecular analyte extraction, quantification and sequencing were performed by J.Z.W., A.P.L., C.G., A.A. and Z.P. DKFZ methylation class and subclass determination was performed by R.Y. and R.K. using the publicly available online tool created by F.S. RNA sequencing analysis was performed by V.P. and J.L. Biostatistical review was performed by O.S. Clinical data from the NRG Oncology RTOG-0539 meningioma cases were provided by S.L.P. and M.W. Clinical meningioma samples and matching clinical data were provided by C.W., A.C.G., M.A.Z., G.T., M.T., F.B., D.A.A.B., E.C.H., J.B.S., A.E.S., C.H., S.C., L.B.C., A.R., S.M. and S.Y. Pathologic review was performed by A.G. and K.A. Radiotherapy data of institutional retrospective meningioma cases were provided by D.S.T. Study design and conception were done by J.Z.W, F.N. and G.Z. All authors participated in manuscript review and revisions in some capacity.