Klimstra D, Klöppel G, La Rosa S, Rindi G. Classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the digestive system. Digestive system tumours: WHO Classification of Tumours. 5th ed. Vol. 1. IARC Press; 2019. pp. 16–9.
•• Rindi G, Mete O, Uccella S, Basturk O, La Rosa S, Brosens LAA, et al. Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Endocr Pathol. 2022;33(1):115–54. This manuscript describes the upcoming 2022 WHO Classification of NENS, an update to the 2019 WHO Guidelines. These are key guidelines that set the standards for pathology reporting for NENs.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Maggard MA, O’Connell JB, Ko CY. Updated population-based review of carcinoid tumors. Ann Surg. 2004;240(1):117–22.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Dasari A, Shen C, Halperin D, Zhao B, Zhou S, Xu Y, et al. Trends in the Incidence, Prevalence, and Survival Outcomes in Patients With Neuroendocrine Tumors in the United States. JAMA Oncol. 2017;3(10):1335–42.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Mocellin S, Nitti D. Gastrointestinal carcinoid: epidemiological and survival evidence from a large population-based study (n = 25 531). Ann Oncol. 2013;24(12):3040–4.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Das S, Dasari A. Epidemiology, Incidence, and Prevalence of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Are There Global Differences? Curr Oncol Rep. 2021;23(4):43.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cao LL, Lu J, Lin JX, Zheng CH, Li P, Xie JW, et al. Incidence and survival trends for gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms: An analysis of 3523 patients in the SEER database. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2018;44(10):1628–33.
Yao JC, Hassan M, Phan A, Dagohoy C, Leary C, Mares JE, et al. One hundred years after “carcinoid”: epidemiology of and prognostic factors for neuroendocrine tumors in 35,825 cases in the United States. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(18):3063–72.
Borch K, Ahren B, Ahlman H, Falkmer S, Granerus G, Grimelius L. Gastric carcinoids: biologic behavior and prognosis after differentiated treatment in relation to type. Ann Surg. 2005;242(1):64–73.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bordi C. Endocrine tumours of the stomach. Pathol Res Pract. 1995;191(4):373–80.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Patel N, Barbieri A, Gibson J. Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Pancreas. Surg Pathol Clin. 2019;12(4):1021–44.
Rindi G, Luinetti O, Cornaggia M, Capella C, Solcia E. Three subtypes of gastric argyrophil carcinoid and the gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study. Gastroenterology. 1993;104(4):994–1006.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Sculco D, Bilgrami S. Pernicious anemia and gastric carcinoid tumor: case report and review. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92(8):1378–80.
Thomas RM, Baybick JH, Elsayed AM, Sobin LH. Gastric carcinoids. An immunohistochemical and clinicopathologic study of 104 patients. Cancer. 1994;73(8):2053–8.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Gilligan CJ, Lawton GP, Tang LH, West AB, Modlin IM. Gastric carcinoid tumors: the biology and therapy of an enigmatic and controversial lesion. Am J Gastroenterol. 1995;90(3):338–52.
Thakker RV. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;24(3):355–70.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Epelboym I, Mazeh H. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: classical considerations and current controversies. Oncologist. 2014;19(1):44–50.
Chen WC, Warner RR, Ward SC, Harpaz N, Divino CM, Itzkowitz SH, et al. Management and disease outcome of type I gastric neuroendocrine tumors: the Mount Sinai experience. Dig Dis Sci. 2015;60(4):996–1003.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Exarchou K, Stephens NA, Moore AR, Howes NR, Pritchard DM. New Developments in Gastric Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Curr Oncol Rep. 2022;24(1):77–88.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
McCarthy DM. Proton pump inhibitor use, hypergastrinemia, and gastric carcinoids-what is the relationship? Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(2):662.
• Rais R, Trikalinos NA, Liu J, Chatterjee D. Enterochromaffin-like Cell Hyperplasia-Associated Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumors May Arise in the Setting of Proton Pump Inhibitor Use. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2022;146(3):366–71. Retrospective clinicopathologic study examining the association of long-term PPI use and development of a new type of gastric NEN.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Tang LH, Gonen M, Hedvat C, Modlin IM, Klimstra DS. Objective quantification of the Ki67 proliferative index in neuroendocrine tumors of the gastroenteropancreatic system: a comparison of digital image analysis with manual methods. Am J Surg Pathol. 2012;36(12):1761–70.
Laffi A, Lania AGA, Ragni A, Di Vito V, Liccardi A, Rubino M, Sesti F, Colao A, Faggiano A, On Behalf Of The Nike Group. Gastric neuroendocrine tumors (g-NETs): A systematic review of the management and outcomes of type 3 g-NETs. Cancers (Basel). 2023;15(8):2202.
Shah MH, Goldner WS, Benson AB, Bergsland E, Blaszkowsky LS, Brock P, et al. Neuroendocrine and Adrenal Tumors, Version 2.2021, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2021;19(7):839–68.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Berna MJ, Hoffmann KM, Serrano J, Gibril F, Jensen RT. Serum gastrin in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: I. Prospective study of fasting serum gastrin in 309 patients from the National Institutes of Health and comparison with 2229 cases from the literature. Medicine. 2006;85(6):295–330 (Baltimore).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Metz DC, Cadiot G, Poitras P, Ito T, Jensen RT. Diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome in the era of PPIs, faulty gastrin assays, sensitive imaging and limited access to acid secretory testing. Int J Endocr Oncol. 2017;4(4):167–85.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Eychenne R, Bouvry C, Bourgeois M, Loyer P, Benoist E, Lepareur N. Overview of radiolabeled somatostatin analogs for cancer imaging and therapy. Molecules. 2020;25(17):4012.
Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene FL, et al, eds. AJCC Cancer staging manual. 8th ed. New York: Springer; 2017.
Landry CS, Brock G, Scoggins CR, McMasters KM, Martin RC 2nd. A proposed staging system for gastric carcinoid tumors based on an analysis of 1,543 patients. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16(1):51–60.
Xie JW, Li P, Wang JB, Lin JX, Lu J, Chen QY, et al. Modified AJCC staging of gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma based on T staging can improve the capacity of prognosis assessment. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2018;144(12):2391–7.
Yang T, Fong ZV, Pak L, Wang SJ, Wei J, Wang J. A Modified T-Stage Classification for Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumors. J Surg Res. 2022;270:486–94.
Zhang R, Guo Y, Wang Y, Hu L, Fang C, Yang Y, et al. Novel staging for gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms by incorporating the WHO grading into the TNM staging system. Cancer Med. 2023;12(6):6623–36.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Thomas D, Tsolakis AV, Grozinsky-Glasberg S, Fraenkel M, Alexandraki K, Sougioultzis S, et al. Long-term follow-up of a large series of patients with type 1 gastric carcinoid tumors: data from a multicenter study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013;168(2):185–93.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lenti MV, Rugge M, Lahner E, Miceli E, Toh BH, Genta RM, et al. Autoimmune gastritis Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6(1):56.
Merola E, Sbrozzi-Vanni A, Panzuto F, D’Ambra G, Di Giulio E, Pilozzi E, et al. Type I gastric carcinoids: a prospective study on endoscopic management and recurrence rate. Neuroendocrinology. 2012;95(3):207–13.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Uygun A, Kadayifci A, Polat Z, Yilmaz K, Gunal
留言 (0)