Jeffery-Smith A, Taori SK, Schelenz S, Jeffery K, Johnson EM, Borman A, Candida auris Incident Management Team, Manuel R, Brown CS. Candida auris: a Review of the Literature. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017; 31(1):e00029–17. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00029-17.

World Health Organization. WHO fungal priority pathogens list to guide research, development and public health action. World Health Organization; 2022 Oct 25. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240060241. Accessed 17 Jul 2024.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Tracking C. auris [Internet]. Candida auris (C. auris). 2024. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/candida-auris/tracking-c-auris/index.html. Accessed 17 Jul 2024.

Černáková L, Roudbary M, Brás S, Tafaj S, Rodrigues CF. Candida auris: A Quick Review on Identification, Current Treatments, and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(9):4470. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094470.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antimicrobial resistance in candida. 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/antifungal-resistant.html. Accessed 5 Nov 2023.

Rudramurthy SM, Chakrabarti A, Paul RA, Sood P, Kaur H, Capoor MR, et al. Candida auris candidaemia in Indian ICUs: analysis of risk factors. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72(6):1794–801. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkx034.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lyman M, Forsberg K, Sexton DJ, Chow NA, Lockhart SR, Jackson BR, et al. Worsening Spread of Candida auris in the United States, 2019 to 2021. Ann Intern Med. 2023;176(4):489–95. https://doi.org/10.7326/M22-3469.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Osei SJ. Candida auris: A systematic review and meta-analysis of current updates on an emerging multidrug-resistant pathogen. Microbiologyopen. 2019;8(8):e00901. https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.901.

Article  Google Scholar 

Chatterjee S, Alampalli SV, Nageshan RK, Chettiar ST, Joshi S, Tatu US. Draft genome of a commonly misdiagnosed multidrug resistant pathogen Candida auris. BMC Genom. 2015;16(1):686. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-015-1863-z.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kathuria S, Singh PK, Sharma C, Prakash A, Masih A, Kumar A, et al. Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris Misidentified as Candida haemulonii: Characterization by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry and DNA Sequencing and Its Antifungal Susceptibility Profile Variability by Vitek 2, CLSI Broth Microdilution, and Etest Method. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53(6):1823–30. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00367-15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kordalewska M, Perlin DS. Identification of Drug Resistant Candida auris. Front Microbiol. 1918;2019:10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01918.

Article  Google Scholar 

Muñoz JF, Gade L, Chow NA, Loparev VN, Juieng P, Berkow EL, et al. Genomic insights into multidrug-resistance, mating and virulence in Candida auris and related emerging species. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):5346. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07779-6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Flowers SA, Colón B, Whaley SG, Schuler MA, Rogers PD. Contribution of clinically derived mutations in ERG11 to azole resistance in Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(1):450–60. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.03470-14.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hetta HF, Ramadan YN, Al-Kadmy IMS, Ellah NHA, Shbibe L, Battah B. Nanotechnology-Based Strategies to Combat Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris Infections. Pathogens. 2023;12(8):1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12081033.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chowdhary A, Prakash A, Sharma C, Kordalewska M, Kumar A, Sarma S, et al. A multicentre study of antifungal susceptibility patterns among 350 Candida auris isolates (2009–17) in India: role of the ERG11 and FKS1 genes in azole and echinocandin resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73(4):891–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkx480.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yamamoto M, Alshahni MM, Tamura T, Satoh K, Iguchi S, Kikuchi K, Mimaki M, Makimura K. Rapid Detection of Candida auris Based on Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP). J Clin Microbiol. 2018;56(9):e00591-e618. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00591-18.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Biswal M, Rudramurthy SM, Jain N, Shamanth AS, Sharma D, Jain K, et al. Controlling a possible outbreak of Candida auris infection: lessons learnt from multiple interventions. J Hosp Infect. 2017;97(4):363–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2017.09.009.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jenull S, Shivarathri R, Tsymala I, Penninger P, Trinh PC, Nogueira F, et al. Transcriptomics and Phenotyping Define Genetic Signatures Associated with Echinocandin Resistance in Candida auris. mBio. 2022; 13(4). https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00799-22.

Wiederhold NP. Pharmacodynamics, Mechanisms of Action and Resistance, and Spectrum of Activity of New Antifungal Agents. J Fungi. 2022;8(8):857. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080857.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Faustino C, Pinheiro L. Lipid Systems for the Delivery of Amphotericin B in Antifungal Therapy. Pharmaceutics. 2020;12(1):29. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12010029.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang X, Mohammad IS, Fan L, Zhao Z, Nurunnabi M, Sallam MA, et al. Delivery strategies of amphotericin B for invasive fungal infections. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2021;11(8):2585–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2021.04.010.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Carolus H, Pierson S, Lagrou K, Van Dijck P. Amphotericin B and Other Polyenes-Discovery, Clinical Use, Mode of Action and Drug Resistance. J Fungi (Basel). 2020;6(4):321. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6040321.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Botero Aguirre JP, Restrepo Hamid AM. Amphotericin B deoxycholate versus liposomal amphotericin B: effects on kidney function. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(11):CD010481. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010481.

Hamill RJ. Amphotericin B formulations: a comparative review of efficacy and toxicity. Drugs. 2013;73(9):919–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-013-0069-4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stone NR, Bicanic T, Salim R, Hope W. Liposomal Amphotericin B (AmBisome(®)): A Review of the Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Clinical Experience and Future Directions. Drugs. 2016;76(4):485–500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-016-0538-7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bekersky I, Fielding RM, Dressler DE, Lee JW, Buell DN, Walsh TJ. Pharmacokinetics, excretion, and mass balance of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) and amphotericin B deoxycholate in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002;46(3):828–33. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.46.3.828-833.2002.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Van Daele R, Wauters J, Elkayal O, Dreesen E, Debaveye Y, Lagrou K, de Beer Y, Maertens J, Brüggemann RJ, Spriet I. Liposomal amphotericin B exposure in critically ill patients: a prospective pharmacokinetic study. Med Mycol. 2022;60(10). https://doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myac074.

Umegawa Y, Yamamoto T, Dixit M, Funahashi K, Seo S, Nakagawa Y, et al. Amphotericin B assembles into seven-molecule ion channels: An NMR and molecular dynamics study. Sci Adv. 2022;8(24):eabo2658.https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abo2658.

Tirkey, NN. Emergence of Antifungal Resistance. In R. Tembhurne, H. Shingadia, P. B & V. Rekha, Advances in Microbiology. 1st ed. India: Bhumi Publishing; 2022; 78–81.

Pristov KE, Ghannoum MA. Resistance of Candida to azoles and echinocandins worldwide. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019;25(7):792–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2019.03.028.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hou X, Lee A, Jiménez-Ortigosa C, Kordalewska M, Perlin DS, Zhao Y. Rapid Detection of ERG11-Associated Azole Resistance and FKS-Associated Echinocandin Resistance in Candida auris. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018;63(1):e01811-e1818. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.01811-18.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sanyaolu A, Okorie C, Marinkovic A, Abbasi AF, Prakash S, Mangat J, Hosein Z, Haider N, Chan J. Candida auris: An Overview of the Emerging Drug-Resistant Fungal Infection. Infect Chemother. 2022;54(2):236–46. https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2022.0008.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chakrabarti A, Singh S. Multidrug-resistant Candida auris: an epidemiological review. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2020;18(6):551–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2020.1750368.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chaabane F, Graf A, Jequier L, Coste AT. Review on Antifungal Resistance Mechanisms in the Emerging Pathogen Candida auris. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:2788.